Farrington et. al - Disrupted families

Upbringing

Sutherland - Learning from others

Upbringing

Wikstrom - Poverty and disadvantages neighbourhoods

Upbringing

Yochelson and Samenow- Criminal thinking patters

Cognition

Kohlberg - Moral development and crime

Cognition

Gudjonsson and Bownes - Attribution of blame

Cognition