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PMU - Year 1 Physics - Part 4(B)

Questão 1 de 46

1

Most effective imaging method for detection of bone metastases is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Echography

  • SPECT

  • Roentgenography

Explicação

Questão 2 de 46

1

Radionuclide technetium-99m (99mTc) is used for:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Radiotherapy

  • "In Vivo" radionuclide diagnostic

  • Active medium for laser generation

Explicação

Questão 3 de 46

1

SPECT diagnostics method is based on:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Ultrasound

  • Laser Radiation

  • Radiopharmaceuticals

Explicação

Questão 4 de 46

1

Radiopharmaceuticals are:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Sealed-radioactive sources

  • Chemical compounds containing radioactive nuclides

  • Contrast substances used in Roentgen diagnostics

Explicação

Questão 5 de 46

1

Collimation stage in SPECT:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Provides spatial resolution

  • Reduces radiation load on pateints

  • Reduces the cost of diagnostic examination

Explicação

Questão 6 de 46

1

NaI crystals routinly used in gamma cameras:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Are between 6 and 12mm thick

  • Have high photoelectric absorption at 140 KeV

  • Convert about 5% of absorbed energy into light

  • Have an intrinsic resolution of several mm

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 7 de 46

1

Select the INCORRECT answer. "The eluate of technetium-99m generator can be used for a limited time, only in the day of elution, because:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The activity of 99mTc in the eluate must be much greater than the activity its daughter nuclide technetium-99

  • To meet the requirements for radionuclide purity

  • The eluate must be sterile

Explicação

Questão 8 de 46

1

Radionuclide purity means:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The radiopharaceutical does not contain chemical impurities

  • The radiopharaceutical does not contain radionuclides other than the labeled

  • Both A and B

Explicação

Questão 9 de 46

1

Iofetamine (123I) is a radiopharaceutical drug used in cerebral blood perfusion imaging with SPECT. What is the final product of 123I decay chain?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Alpha

  • Beta-plus

  • Beta-minus

  • Gamma

Explicação

Questão 10 de 46

1

Which of the following three effects is used in PET:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Photoelectric absorption

  • Compton scattering

  • Electron-positron annihilation

Explicação

Questão 11 de 46

1

PET apparatus is set up to detect:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Photons emitted in transitions from metastable to stable energy states

  • Electron and positron particles, formed near radionuclides in patients body

  • Photons emitted from annihilation (e- + e+) and radiated simultaneously in opposite directions

Explicação

Questão 12 de 46

1

Which imaging diagnostic method use electron-positron annihilation?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • PET

  • Echography

  • CT

  • Roentgenoscopy

Explicação

Questão 13 de 46

1

Patients radiation load in PET is considerably lower compared to SPECT because:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • PET does not use collimators

  • Annihilation radiation in PET has a relatively high energy

  • PET uses beta-plus radionuclides

Explicação

Questão 14 de 46

1

Positron emission involves the ejection of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • An alpha-particle

  • A beta-minus particle

  • A beta-plus particle

  • A proton and neutron

Explicação

Questão 15 de 46

1

Which type of radioactivity is related to PET diagnostics:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Beta-plus

  • Beta-minus

  • Alpha

Explicação

Questão 16 de 46

1

Dosimetry unit defined only for photon radiations and only for interaction in air:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Effective dose

  • Equivalent dose

  • Exposure

  • Absorbed dose

Explicação

Questão 17 de 46

1

Exposure (dosimetric quanitity) is defined for:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • All ionising radiation and all matter

  • Charged particles in water

  • Photon radiations to energy below 3 MeV in air

  • Photon radiations of all energies acting in air

Explicação

Questão 18 de 46

1

Kerma (Kinetic energy released in matter) is defined for:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • All ionising radiation

  • Photons and neutrons

  • Only photon radiation

  • Charged particles

Explicação

Questão 19 de 46

1

Which of the following is defined as Kerma (K) of ionising radiation:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Energy / Mass

  • Charge / Mass

  • Energy / Time

Explicação

Questão 20 de 46

1

Universal dosimetric unit defined for all types of radiation and absorption media:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Exposure

  • Absorbed dose

  • Total electrical charge in a volume of substance

Explicação

Questão 21 de 46

1

The correct units of absorbed dose are:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • J/kg, called Gy

  • C/kg

  • J/kg called Sv

Explicação

Questão 22 de 46

1

Which of the following refers to the effective dose rate:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Effective dose/Mass

  • Effective dose/Time

  • Effective dose/Volume

Explicação

Questão 23 de 46

1

Which of the following refers to the Kema rate:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Charge / Time

  • Energy / Time

  • K / Time

Explicação

Questão 24 de 46

1

Tissue weighting factor (wt) account for the radio-biological effect of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Type of energy of radiation

  • Specific radio-sensitivity of tissues and organs

  • Radiation exposure time

Explicação

Questão 25 de 46

1

Radiation weighting factor (wr) accounts for the radio-biological effect of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Radiation exposure time:

  • Type and energy of radiation

  • Specific radio-sensitivity of tissues and organs

Explicação

Questão 26 de 46

1

Which radiation detectors is used for the calibration of both Linear accelerator and Cobolt units used in radiation therapy

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Semi-conducting and scintillation

  • Photographic

  • Ionization chamber

  • Chemical

Explicação

Questão 27 de 46

1

Thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) are used for radiation exposure measurements of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Staff personnel

  • In Vivo dosimetry (during irradiation)

  • In phantom dosimetry (using phantom for treatment plane verification)

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 28 de 46

1

Which detectors are used as dosimeters for medical personnel (More than one answer)

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Scintillation detectors

  • Film badge (photographic) dosimeters

  • TLD (Thermoluminescent dosimeters)

  • Chemical dosimeters

Explicação

Questão 29 de 46

1

60Co used in radiotherapy, has approx half-life T1/2 of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 5 min

  • 5 h

  • 5 a

Explicação

Questão 30 de 46

1

X-ray tubes made for therapeutic applications have a stationary anode, which x-ray tubes used for diagnostics have a rotating anode. Why is that?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Therapeutic x-ray tubes do not require high resolution

  • Therapeutic x-ray tubes have higher efficiency and generate less heat

  • Therapeutic x-ray rubes have lower efficiency and target has a greater area

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 31 de 46

1

Radiation dose reaches a maximum near the skin surface for:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 60Co gamma ray

  • Linac, Electron mode of operation

  • Linac, Photon mode of operation

Explicação

Questão 32 de 46

1

Radiation dose peaks at maximum depth for treatment with:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Cobalt units

  • Linac, photon mode of operation

  • Linac, Electron mode of operation

Explicação

Questão 33 de 46

1

Percent depth dose (PDD) is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The ratio between two absorption doses

  • The difference between two absorption doses

  • The sum between two absorption doses

Explicação

Questão 34 de 46

1

For which type of radiation the term skin-sparing effect is not applicable:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Gamma rays

  • High energy photon beams (from Linac)

  • High energy electron beams (from Linac)

Explicação

Questão 35 de 46

1

Radionuclide used for radiotherapy of thyroid cancer:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Technetium - 99m (99mTc)

  • Iodine-131 (131I)

  • Iodine-123 (123I)

Explicação

Questão 36 de 46

1

What radionuclide delivery methods are used in brachytherapy

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Sealed (encapsulated)

  • Unsealed (soluble)

  • Both A and B

Explicação

Questão 37 de 46

1

BNCT therapy is a method used:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 10B and a low energy photon beam

  • 10B and a low energy proton beam

  • 10B and a low energy neutron beam

Explicação

Questão 38 de 46

1

Which two imaging methods do not expose patients to radiation risk:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Roentgenography and echography

  • Radionuclides for in vivo diagnostics and x-ray imaging

  • Echography and Magnetic-resonance tomography

  • Magnetic-resonance tomography and PET

Explicação

Questão 39 de 46

1

Monitoring and measuring a persons exposure to radiation is called:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Densitometry

  • Personal dosimetry

  • Sensitometry

Explicação

Questão 40 de 46

1

The primary purpose for using personal monitoring is to:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Protect the radiographer

  • Calculate the total radiation a radiographer delivers

  • Monitor radiographers repeat rate

  • Monitor radiographers occupational exposure

Explicação

Questão 41 de 46

1

Which type of ionizing radiation will have the LEAST biological effect:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Alpha particles

  • Fast neutrons

  • Protons

  • Diagnostic x-ray

Explicação

Questão 42 de 46

1

Consider teletherapy (external beam radiotherapy) with medical accelerator (Linac) and cobalt-60 unit. Which is the MOST significant difference bewteen the two methods, regarding radiation protection:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Linac can generate higher energy radiation

  • Servicing colbalt-60 unit takes more time

  • Linac produces radiation only when switched on and cobalt-60 unit generates radiation at all times.

Explicação

Questão 43 de 46

1

What is the SIGNIFICANT difference between sealed and unsealed radiation sources used in radiotherapy:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Sealed sources have higher activity

  • Unsealed sources have longer half-life

  • Unsealed sources take part in the body metabolism

Explicação

Questão 44 de 46

1

Iodine-131 is used in thyroid cancer therapy, but it is undesirable for diagnostic purposes. Why is that?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The half-life of iodine-131 is too long

  • Emits beta and gamma radiation (radiation exposure to pt is greater)

  • Emits gamma rays with several energy

Explicação

Questão 45 de 46

1

In nuclear medicine, what is the significant difference between "in vivo" and "In vitro" radionuclide based investigations:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • "In vitro" investigations do not require highly qualified personnel

  • "In vitro" investigations do not expose PT's to radiation

  • Both A and B

Explicação

Questão 46 de 46

1

In November 2006, former KGB spy Alexander Litvinenko fell suddenly ill. He died in London's University College Hospital, leaving doctors puzzled over the cause of death. It was later determined he had ingested the radionuclide polonium-210. Given that (prior to the autopsy), radiation was undetectable out of Litvinenko's body, what was the type of radioactive decay?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Alpha particles

  • Beta particles

  • Gamma Rays

Explicação