Protein synthesis occurs in the . Because DNA does not leave the , the intermediary, called must be formed during the process of transcription.

In 1800, and proposed that electrical stimulation of nerves causes muscle movement.

Camilo Golgi argued for formation of the brain after he used that stained a small percentage of neurons and stained those neurons in their .

's work has laid the foundation for defining 50 distinct regions of neocortex.

Charles Bell and Francois Magendie hypothesized that roots of the spinal cord carry sensory information into the brain, while roots carry information into muscles.

Proteins synthesized on are destined for internal structures including .

Proteins synthesized on are destined to be inserted into the or to be released later on from neurons.

The function of is to import oxygen and use it in a series of complex biochemical processes called Krebs Cycle and ETC to produce the energy source of the cell.

and are the sites where proteins are modified and folded.

In order to determine the function of genes that are "neuron-specific," genetic engineering methods can be used to or a given gene.
Ex. 1
Ex. 2

A single nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a , and a .

The fluid inside every cell is called .

The stain allows you to label cell bodies and ribosomes.

Since DNA does not ever leave the nucleus, a special intermediary molecule called must be formed.

According to the , nerves are like continuous wires that transmit signals from one location to another.

DNA are useful because they can help determine which genes are expressed uniquely in neurons via relative abundance of mRNA.

Current methods include Cre-lox recombination, Zinc-Finger Proteins, or CRISPR CAS9.

Signal recognition particles may direct the ribosome to endoplasmic reticulum.

The first microscope images in the that were taken of neurons offered very strong evidence for the neuron doctrine.

The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with parts on the outside and parts on the inside.

goes freely through the plasma membrane.

Salt gradients require of energy to maintain.

The ribosome is comprised of a small and large subunit; the free floating finds the mRNA first and recruits the .

Walk through transcription and translation from DNA to secreted, cytosol bound, or membrane protein

Two types of Neurites that extend from neurons.
: , , , .
: , , ,

Three main components of cytoskeleton are: , , and .

List functions of the cytoskeleton: , , ,

The forms the initial part of the axon as it emerges from the soma.

The is the site of termination of axon; forms a with receiving membrane.

Axons lack and all proteins must be transported from the .

Fast axonal transport is carried out through the use of what cytoskeletal machinery?

Alzheimer's is thought to be due to what failing structure - what causes this structure to fail?
leads to

transport is directed towards the terminal and utilizes while transport is directed towards the soma and uses .

Neurons can be classified based on the number of , 1 referring to cells, 2 to cells, and more as .

What are other ways to classify neurons?
, (length, arborization of dendrites)

Spines can preform translation due to .

What is the purpose of spines? What happens if they are malformed?

Same amount of NT will excite more with repeated firing. Unused dendrites will lose spines.

have two neurites, most likely to be interneurons.

are likely to be motor neurons

are likely to be found in ventral roots

List four types of glial cells.

myelinate single axons in the PNS while are also responsible for myelinating single axons in the CNS

List factors that can activate microglia. Microglia are to the brain as are to the rest of the body.

Some functions of astrocytes:
?