2/1/2/3

2/1/3/3.

2/2/2/3.

2/2/3/3.

proportional to human brain size

more or less the same in large and small primates.

smaller than in other large mammals.

larger among great apes than among other primates.

only nocturnal species

only diurnal species.

diurnal and nocturnal galagos.

diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.

primate exhibits a derived trait for an enhanced sense of smell, since this trait is not commonly observed in mammal species

is a species of anthropoid because it has an increased reliance on vision.

primate must be a species of Strepsirhini, as that suborder of primates relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.

species is nocturnal.

baboons.

gorillas.

ring-tail lemurs.

howler monkeys.

colobus monkeys.

chimpanzees.

lemurs.

howler monkeys.

are mostly frugivorous.

are usually terrestrial.

have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.

are referred to as “cheek pouch” monkeys.

prosimian, because they retain the rhinarium not found in other mammal species.

anthropoid primate, because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.

platyrrhine primate, because their nostrils do not point downward.

strepsirhine, because they retain a rhinarium.

monkeys and apes, including humans.

African and Asian apes only.

tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only.

lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.

eating a wide variety of foods.

lack of diversity of diets over time.

diets composed of a variety of red meats.

diets composed of a variety of fruits.

mobile joints connecting bones of the shoulders, limbs, hands, and feet

an opposable thumb and often an opposable big toe

dermal ridges and flat nails on fingertips

rigidly connected, identical vertebrae in the backbone

forward-facing eyes

color vision

loss of the rhinarium

smaller olfactory bulb

Strepsirhines

Haplorhines

Platyrrhines

Catarrhines

Atelids

Catarrhines

Cebids

Platyrrhines

long tail

lower molar morphology

canine-premolar honing complex

large bodies and brains

almost identical, even though the two groups of primates locomote in entirely different ways.

different in their shape and size so that the difference between quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion can be distinguished.

almost identical, since the two types of primates both move around quadrupedally and bipedally, as needed.

the same except for the size of the gluteal maximus, which is largest in the nonhuman ape.

largest body relative to other animals.

greatest level of biological adaptability.

largest body size.

largest brain relative to body size.

results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.

results in shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size.

demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution.

demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution AND results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.

monkeys and apes, including humans.

African and Asian apes only.

tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only.

lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.

opposable thumbs.

a precision grip.

short digits.

an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

the series of apparent adaptations that are never actually used.

the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature’s original function.

an anatomical feature used in the manner for which it was originally selected.

a phenomenon that occurs before natural selection can occur.

invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.

give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.

give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.

give birth to twins regularly.

Primates have impressive, built-in behaviors but are poor learners and require a very specific diet to survive.

Primates have a shorter life span than other mammals of their size, are intelligent, and almost all eat the same diet.

Primates are intelligent, are long lived, have diverse diets, and exhibit complex social behavior.

Primates are intelligent, are long lived, have very narrow dietary requirements, and exhibit diverse social behaviors.