Evolution Final

Vicariance

Sexual selection

Divergent phenotypes

Reproductive isolation

Distinct lineages

The concept cannot be applied to speciation resulting from polyploidy

The concept cannot be applied to extinct species

Many populations are allopatric

The concept does not apply to clonal organisms

Testing reproductive isolation in the lab is not always feasible

male; female

sexual selection; natural selection

temporal; spacial

prezygotic; postzygotic

ecological; evolutionary

Premating barrier

Geographic isolation

Prezygotic barrier

Temporal isolation

Postzygotic barrier

A locus in which the sequence is made similar by gene flow

A locus in which natural selection favors the same allele in both populations

Loci that differ greatly between the populations, with one allele fixed in one population and another allele nearly fixed in the other

An allele at a locus that provides a selective advantage in one population's range, but not the other's

A neutrally evolving locus that is variable in both populations

reduced fertility of hybrid offspring

the inability of organisms from different lineages to fit their genitalia together

the lower fitness of hybrids as a result of underdominance

the failure of individuals of different lineages to recognize one another as potential mates

the inability of two or more loci from different lineages to function well together

plants.

mammals.

arthropods.

prokaryotes.

fungi.

No reproductive isolation

Reproductive isolation that is independent of habitat type

More reproductive isolation among populations that share similar habitat

Less reproductive isolation among populations that share similar habitats

Complete reproductive isolation among all populations

Rapidly evolving surface proteins on sperm and eggs accelerate gametic isolation.

Female crickets respond to songs that have a pulse rate similar to that of their own species.

In cichlid fish, the color of males acts as a reproductive barrier between species.

Groups of birds with promiscuous mating systems have higher diversity than sister clades have.

In many species, recombination rates differ for males and females.

The fitness effects the bostzygotic isolation are always much smaller than those of prezygotic isolation.

Reinforcement occurs only rarely.

Postzygotic isolation has only a minimal evolutionary impact.

There is selection for avoidance of investment in offspring that will have low fitness, but there is no benefit to reducing fitness of offspring that have already been produced.

Interspecific mating is uncommon.

Speciation as a result of mating preference by female cichlids within a single African rift lake

Reproductive isolation progressively increases in a lizard population with differing habitats on opposite ends of its range

Evolution of genetic reproductive barriers between the population of angelfish isolated on either side of the Isthmus of Panama

Evolution of genetic reproductive barriers within a single, initially panmictic population of flies that use different host plants

Speciation observed in the fossil record, such as during the gradual evolution of fully aquatic whales from a terrestrial ancestor

The birds are closely related to birds found on the mainland

No pairs of sister species formed on the same island

Pairs of sister species can be found on adjacent islands

Specific beak sizes are adaptations to the seeds of different species

Many different species have been found on various islands

extinction and recolonization of local populations

geographical barriers between populations

disruptive selection based on resource use

high levels of recombination between loci

unequal numbers of males and females

Apples and hawthorns are commonly cultivated together in New England

Intense pesticide use in some hawthorn-producing regions forced the flies to seek new hosts

Apple trees and hawthorns are sister species and thus produce fruit with similar characteristics

Hawthorns and apple trees produce fruit at different times in the summer

A blight killed hawthorn populations, and small populations of flies were able to adapt to apple use

Allopatric speciation

Sympatric speciation

Parapatric speciation

Founder effect speciation

Cytological divergence

the Earth's biodiversity is a result of the relationship between alpha and omega

extinctions are less important to biodiversity within a specific geographic area than immigration and emigration

extinctions always lead to a decrease in biodiversity because extinctions are negative

extinctions can decrease standing diversity but not biodiversity

because Wallace's Line indicates continental barriers to dispersal

because Wallace's Line divides two very distinctive faunas that are geographically very close together

because Wallace's Line separates Australia from South America

Because Wallace's Line divides tow geographic areas whose faunas are almost identical

20 (34 total species minus 2 that originated and went extinct within the stages minus 4 more extinctions minus 8 more originations)

16 (6 extinctions plus 10 originations)

28 (34 total species minus 6 extinctions)

4 (10 origination's minus 6 extinctions)

adaptive radiations occur as a result of the absence of competitions for ecological resources

adaptive reactios occur as a result of island formation

adaptive radiations occur as a result of key innovations

none of these is a hypothesis about the conditions that can lead to adaptive radiations

all are hypotheses about the conditions that can lead to adaptive radiations

background extinction

mass extinction

omega

total extinction

episodic extinction

Yes. The Big Five extinctions were caused by asteroids that had major impacts on habitats when they hit the Earth.

Yes. The Big Five extinctions resulted from plate tectonics that changed the quantity and quality of available habitats.

No. The Big Five extinctions were caused by various abiotic and biotic factors that affected different taxa differently.

No. The Big Five extinctions resulted from low origination rates that resulted from a variety of biotic factors.

No. The Big Five extinctions are statistical anomalies cased by examining families as taxonomic units instead of species.

The study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time

Wholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. In macroevolutionary studies, this process is considered to be an alternative to lineage splitting or speciation

Evolutionary lineages that have undergone exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches

The study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time

Wholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. In macroevoutionary studies, this process is considered to be an alternative to lineage splitting or speciation

Evolutionary lineages that have undergone exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches

The normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota

A model of evolution that proposes that most species undergo relatively little change for most of their geologic history. These periods of stasis are punctuated by brief periods of rapid morphological change, often associated with speciation events

Evolution occurring within populations, including adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

the study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time

Wholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. In macroevolutionary studies, this process is considered to be an alternative to lineage splitting or speciation

Evolutionary lineages that have undergone exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches

The formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the separation of once continuously distributed populations

The disappearance (extinction) of some species and their replacement by others (origination) in studies of macroevolution. This rate is the number of species eliminated and replaced per unit of time

The movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all

Evolution occurring above the species level, including the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time

A statistically significant departure from background extinction rates that results in a substantial loss of taxonomic diversity

The number of species (or other taxonomic unit) present in a particular area at a given time

Evolution occurring above the species level, including the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time

A statistically significant departure from background extinction rates that results in a substantial loss of taxonomic diversity

The number of species (or other taxonomic units) present in a particular area at a given time

The normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota

A model of evolution that proposes that most species undergo relatively little change for most of their geologic history. These periods of stasis are punctuated by brief periods of rapid morphological change, often associated with speciation events

Evolution occurring within populations, including adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

The normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota

A model of evolution that proposes that most species undergo relatively little change for most of their geologic history. These periods of stasis are punctuated by brief periods of rapid morphological change, often associated with speciation events

Evolution occurring within populations, including adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Evolution occurring above the species level, including the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time

A statistically significant departure from background extinction rates that results in a substantial loss of taxonomic diversity

The number of species (or other taxonomic unit) present in a particular area at a given time

The formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the separation of once continuously distributed populations

The disappearance (extinction) of some species and their replacement by others (origination) in studies of macroevolution. This rate is the number of species eliminated and replaced per unit of time

The movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all

The formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the separation of once continuously distributed populations

The disappearance (extinction) of some species and their replacement by others (origination) in studies of macroevolution. This rate is the number of species eliminated and replaced per unit of time

The movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all

the number of origins and extinctions in a given interval of time

the number of species present in a particular area at a given time

alpha minus omega divided by alpha

origination's minus extinctions

extinctions minus origination's

biogeography is study of the distribution of species across space and time

Alfred Russel Wallace was responsible for many early ideas about biogeography

Darwin did not believe in vicariance

the discovery of place tectonics provided a new line of evidence for patterns in biogeography

fossil-bearing rocks differ in area and volume exposed masking complex geographical patterns of biodiversity

patterns observed in the fossil record cannot be tested using statistical methods

groups in the fossil record used to study species diversity over time may not be monophyletic

scientists often must use taxonomic units other than species, and these higher-order taxa are not necessarily comparable

all of the above are problems for macroevolutionary studies

because the process that form fossils are inconsistent through time, so there will always be gaps in the record

because significant changes in phenotypes may occur within small isolated populations on the fringes of a species' range, leading to rapid speciation and little fossil evidence

because speices are defined as substantial morphological shifts within the fossil record

macroevolutionary biologists should not expect abrupt breaks in the fossil record, because entire populations transform from one form to another in a process called anagenesis

macroevolutionary biologists should not expect abrupt breaks in the fossil record. They should expect to find enough fossils to demonstrate a smooth transition from one species to another over time

evolution of flowering plants

jointed exoskeletons

wings

complex eyes

predators that changed the fitness landscape

changing oxygen levels in the Earth's oceans may have created ecological opportunities that organisms were able to exploit

the emergence of the genetic toolkit may have allowed the evolution of new developmental pathways leading to a diversity of body forms

the Cambrian Explosion was not really an explosion because the complex body plans of animal taxa evolved from precursors -- they did not simply appear

the sudden appearance of sponges marks the beginning of the Cambrian Explosion

Molecular clocks indicate that the common ancestor of all animals lived about 800 million years ago

as a statistical departure from background extinction rates

as any large number of species that disappears at a point in the stratigraphic column

as the extinction of many species in a short period of time

as the extinction of many species in a short period of time minus Lazarus, Elvis, and Zombie taxa

because according to models incorporating a variety of scenarios, projected temperatures could rise 2-3 times temperatures observed in 2000

because four of the big five mass extinctions were related to climate changes

because the average temperature has increased by 0.8 in the last 80 years

because although carbon dioxide concentrations clearly cycle, in the last 100 years they have become 100 parts per million greater than the highest concentrations recorded for the last 600,000 years

all answers are correct

Greater good resources provided by large balloon vine fruits, opportunity to feed on balloon vines, and ability to reproduce as a result of better food

variation among individuals that is heritable and leads to differential survival or reproduction

need for a food resource, and long periods of time

a length of association between soapberry bugs and balloon viruses similar to their native fruits

Rabbit myxoma virus needed to become less virulent so it could coexist with its rabbit hosts

Directional selection favored a coevolutionary escalation where resistance evolved in rabbits and less virulence evolved in the virus

Rabbit myxoma virus became less virulent over time because natural selection favored strains that did not immediately kill the rabbit hosts, enhancing the likelihood of spreading and infecting other rabbits

none of these statements are true

all of these statements are true

rough-skinned newts with toxins that only garter snakes can tolerate

ants that affect the survival and dispersal of flowering plant seeds that have elaiosomes

different populations of a lowering plant that favor different tongue lengths of their moth pollinator

pinecones that vary across regions in the thickness of their scales depending on whether squirrel predators are present or not

she compared phylogenies of the endosymbionts and their insect hosts and found the patterns of lineages were closely matched

she used fossils of sap-feeding insects with known ages to establish time frames for the endosymbiotic relationships

she compared the molecular phylogenies of two endosymbionts, Nasuia and Sulcia, and found similar patterns in their lineage

she used all of this evidence to support her hypothesis

because after the virus invaded the human common ancestor, different versions evolved in different lineages of humans

because the genomes for every human cell is different

because that are almost 100,000 fragments of endogenous retroviral DNA in the human genome, and scientists can't tease them apart very easily

because retroviruses became mobile genetics elements in the human genomes that can insert themselves anywhere in the genome

because after the virus invaded the human common ancestor, variants that could replicate in somatic cells fared better than those that could replicate in somatic cells fared better than those that could replicate only in germ-line cells

otters (Lutrinae) evolved from martins (Martes group)

the ancestors of otters became gradually more "otter-like" over time

Living otters represent the end of lineage of animals whose common ancestor was wolf-like

otters share a common ancestor with Odobenidae (walruses)

all of the above are depicted by this phylogeny

groups of actually (or potentially) interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

the smallest possible groups whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess defining or derived characteristics that distinguish them from other such groups

metapopulations of organisms that exchange alleles frequently enough that they comprise the same gene pool, and therefore, the same evolutionary lineage

all are valid definitions of a species

scientists don't know what a species actually is

a bacterium or viral parasite

a gene with no known function

types of DNA that can move around in the genome

noncoding sections of DNA that function in alternative splicing

Mutualistic organisms that live within the body or cells of another organism

Selection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with one another. This process is the critical prerequisite of coevolution

Occurs when harmless species resemble harmful or distasteful species, deriving protection from predators in the process

Reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection

An RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. The virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one type

An increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners

A theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution. The direction and intensity of coevolution varies from population to population and coevolved genes from these populations mix together as a result of gene flow

This occurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent

Occurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators

Reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection

An RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. The virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one type

An increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners

Mutualistic organisms that live within the body or cells of another organism

Selection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with one another. This process is the critical prerequisite of coevolution

Occurs when harmless species resemble harmful or distasteful species, deriving protection from predators in the process

A theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution. The direction and intensity of coevolution varies from population to population, and coevolved genes from these populations mix together as a result of gene flow

Occurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent

Occurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators

A theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution. The direction and intensity of coevolution varies from population to population, and coevolved genes from these populations mix together as a result of gene flow

Occurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent

Occurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators

describes selection that occurs in two species, due to their interaction with one another. It is the clinical prerequisite of coevolution.

Occurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent

Occurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators

Reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection

An RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. The virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one type.

An increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners

when one species needs to change because another species that it depends on changed

when two or more species interact, and each acts as an agent of selection causing evolution of the other

evolutionary changes that are shared among two or more species, such as wings

evolutionary changes among two or more species that are complementary, so that all species benefit

all of these answers are correct

positive mutualism occurs when the fitness outcomes for all interacting species are high; positive commensalism occurs when the fitness outcomes some species are high, but others realize no fitness concepts

positive mutualism occurs when some interacting species benefit from the relationship and others do not; positive commensalism occurs when only one of the interacting species benefits

positive mutualism leads to coevolutionary of all interacting species; positive commensalism benefits come species but it does not lead to coevolution

natural selection always favors positive mutualism because all interacting species shave higher fitness because of the relationship; it does not favor positive commensalism because only one of the interacting species has a higher fitness

positive mutualism does not lead to coevolution because all the interacting species benefit from the current relationship; positive commensalism leads to coevolution because some of the interacting species benefit, so the others need to evolve to benefit as well

figure 15.18A shows trajectories of beak depth over time and the probability of survival (left) associated with feeding efficiency (right), and therefore that speciation will occur as populations with shallow bills diverge from populations with deep bills

figure 15.18A (right) and 15.18B show that fitness is greatest in both species when bill depth is slightly larger (4mm) than scale thickness so that birds with shallower or deeper bills than that optimum size will have to specialize on smaller or larger scales, and the populations will diverge

figure 15.18A (left) and 15.18C show that variation in bill depth within the population of red crossbills is less than variation within the species and these differences may lead to cladogenesis

figure 15.18C shows that within an area, scale thickness varies among pine species, and natural selection will favor different bill depths, maintaining the variation within crossbills

all of these statements are true

that mainland flowers could produce more fruit than island flowers

that mainland flower was not naturally producing much fruit, even though they were capable of producing much more

that within island populations, Rhabdothamnus solandri flowers were producing fruit at near maximum levels

that the diversity of pollinators was higher on the mainland

all of these are true statements

that the lineage of bacteria was older than the lineage of the host

that the lineage of the host was older than the lineage of bacteria

that natural selection was negative frequency-dependent

that the patterns of speciation events of the bacteria lineage would match closely with the patterns of speciation events of the host lineage

a virus that is fairly old

an RNA virus that uses an enzyme to become part of the host cells' DNA

a virus that has been resurrected from extrication

a virus that only replicates using DNA

the strength and the direction of natural selection can vary across space

the strength and the direction of natural selection can change over time

the strength and the direction of natural selection can vary among species within a coevolutionary relationship

natural selection does not vary in strength or direction

none of the above is a false statement about natural selection

species are in antagonistic coevolutionary relationships

alleles are swept to fixation

species are in mutualistic coevolutionary relationships

selection favors highly virulent strains of a virus

none of the above