Concepts to understand

Definition of kinetics

1 a: a branch of science that deals with the effects of forces upon the motions of material bodies or with changes in a physical or chemical system
b: the rate of ___ in such a system

2: the mechanism by which a physical or chemical change is effected

Chemical kinetics studies reaction ___:
-->Mathematical description based on the reaction model
-->What affects the rates: T, pH, enzymes, spatial restrictions, ...

Zero Reaction

The biochemical reaction may be of zero-order when enzyme-catalyzed
max

This happens when the enzyme (E)
is saturated by the substrate (S).

Concentration of S exceeds that of E
[S] >> [E}

Second-Order bimolecular reaction

A + B --> C + D

rate or V = ____

Second-Order bimolecular reaction
& Equilibrium Concept

Equilibrium when: forward rate = ___ rate

k1[A][B] = k-1[C][D]

The ratio of product to reactant concentrations is constant:

Keq = concentration of products / concentration of reactants (k1 / k-1)

so it would look like: ____ / ____

when keq >> 1 then rxn strongly favors ___

when keq << 1 then rxn strongly favors ____

Thermodynamics is the flow of __

0th Law of thermodynamics =

states that if two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third one, then they are in thermal equilibrium with ___ ___

First Law of Thermodynamics = The law of Conversation of Energy

The total amount of energy in the Universe remains

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it just ___ its form

• Conservation of mass in chemistry is a special case of the law, assuming no nuclear reactions occur.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Multiple equivalent definitions have been proposed by scientists:

-Heat does not transfer from cold systems to hot systems

• No work can be done at a ___ temperature

• Total amount of entropy (S) of the universe always ____

What is Entropy?
defined as a measure of the system ____

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

If an object reaches the absolute zero temperature (0K = -273.15 degrees C = -459.67 degrees F), its atoms will stop moving.

T(K) = T(C) + ___

Gibbs free energy

G = __ - __

H — enthalpy, a heat function at constant pressure (p=const.)

Since most of the biochemical reactions are isobaric, ΔH = ΔHeat

S — Entropy

T — Temperature (K)

ΔH < 0 = rxn is ___

ΔH > 0 = rxn is ___

G = H-TS

Reaction will proceed forward if G is reduced ΔG __ 0

If ΔG < 0 then ΔH -TΔS must be __ 0

A non-spontaneous rxn can still proceed if ___ to another reaction providing that overall ΔG < 0

(the reaction can be entropy driven)

Reaction will proceed until it reaches ___

If ΔG = 0

Then ΔH = TΔS

If the transition state has higher energy compared to the reactants,
additional activation energy, Ea, is required

-Need to __ the activation energy

Two ways to speed up a reaction:

1. Increase ___ (may destroy your reactants)

2. Use ___ (bio-catalysts)

Equivalent to:

1. Produces more 'hot' molecules

2. ___ activation energy, 3D coordination, longer time

To find Keq:

Given a concentration of either the reactant or product

To find concentrations given Keq:

You can find concentration of [A], [B], [C], [D]