There are 400 A1A1, 400 A1A2, and 200A2A2 individuals in a population. What are the allele frequencies?
0.4 A1A1, 0.4 A1A2, 0.2 A2A2
0.4 A1, 0.2 A2
0.5 A1, 0.5 A2
0.6 A1, 0.4 A2
In a randomly mating population with allele frequencies of 0.6 A1 and 0.4 A2, What are the expected genotypic frequencies in the next generation?
0.36 A1 A1, 0.48 A1A2, and 0.16 A2A2
0.36 A1 A1, 0.24 A1A2, and 0.16 A2A2
0.6 A1 A1, 0.24 A1A2, and 0.4 A2A2
0.6 A1 and 0.4 A2
In a sample from a population there are: 400 A1 A1, 400 A1A2, and 200 A2A2 individuals. Is this population in genetic equilibrium?
Yes, because the genotype frequencies are 0.4 A1 A1, 0.4 A1A2, and 0.2 A2A2
Yes, because the allele frequencies sum to 1.
Probably not, because there are fewer heterozygotes than expected.
Probably not, because there are fewer homozygotes than expected.
In a sample the following phenotypes of snail shell color were observed: 230 Brown (BB), 740 Pink (BW), 30 Cream (WW). What are the frequencies of the B and W alleles?
B: 0.97; W 0.03
B: 0.91; W 0.09
B: 0.7; W 0.3
B. 0.6; W 0.4
In a sample the following phenotypes of snail shell color were observed: 230 Brown (BB), 740 Pink (BW), 30 Cream (WW). What are the expected genotype frequencies in the population?
BB: 0.23; BW: 0.74; WW: 0.03
BB: 0.36; BW: 0.48; WW: 0.16
BB: 0.46; BW: 0.37; WW: 0.17
In a sample the following phenotypes of snail shell color were observed: 230 Brown (BB), 740 Pink (BW), 30 Cream (WW). Is the population in genetic equilibrium?
Yes, because it is a large sample.
Yes, because allele frequencies sum to 1.
No, because there are more homozygotes than expected.
No, because there are more heterozygotes than expected.
In a sample from a large population there are: 6 A1 A1, 8 A1A2, and 6 A2A2 individuals. Is this population in genetic equilibrium?
Yes, because the allele frequencies are 0.5 A1 and 0.5 A2.
Maybe.
Maybe not.
Cannot determine from this data.
What are the basic entities or units of evolutionary change-- what is it that evolves?
Individuals
Families
Populations
Species
Which of the following was the first to propose the idea of biological evolution?
Plato
Aristotle
Lamarck
Darwin
We don't know.
Formal biological taxonomy, developing the general form that we still use, began in the 18th century with the work of:
Hutton
Linnaeus
According to Lamarck’s hypothesis giraffes evolved long necks because:
of natural selection.
they acquire mutations during development.
of the higher fitness of long‐neck giraffes relative to short‐neck ones.
giraffes stretch their necks while feeding, and the elongation from this stretching is passed on to their offspring.
A major contribution of Darwin’s geological and paleontological predecessors and contemporaries to the development of his thought was the idea of:
natural selection.
survival of the fittest.
the great age of Earth.
inheritance of acquired characteristics.
lineage diversification.
Cotton‐topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should:
Test whether other traits in these males are also adaptive
Look for evidence of hair in ancestors of tamarins
Determine if hair length is heritable
Test whether males with shaved heads are still able to mate
Which of the following is not a part of Darwin’s mechanism of biological evolution?
Over production of offspring.
Acquiring adaptations because they are needed.
Differential reproductive success.
Heritable variation.
What is perhaps occurring in a large population with genotype frequencies AA: 0.2, Aa: 0.2, aa: 0.6?
Mutation
Inbreeding
Genetic drift
Selection
Gene flow
What is most likely occurring in a very small population with genotype frequencies AA: 0.2, Aa: 0.2, aa: 0.6?
What is most likely occurring in a large population with genotype frequencies AA: 0.2, Aa: 0.2, aa: 0.6?
Natural selection operates primarily at the level of:
Genes
Population
Communities
What do artificial selection and natural selection have in common?
There must be heritable genetic variation on which selection can operate.
Mutation must be occurring.
Nothing.
Differential reproductive success is equivalent to:
Evolution
Natural selection
Competition
Adaptation
If there are no fitness differences among individuals in a population:
The individuals are well adapted.
Mutation will cause variation in the population to increase.
Natural selection cannot occur.
What are species?
Populations whose members are morphologically distinct from those of other populations.
Populations which are reproductively isolated from other populations for a long period of time.
The tips of divergent evolutionary lineages-- the smallest monophyletic groups on a phylogenetic tree.
What do the different species concepts have in common?
All are used to try to identify evolutionarily independent populations.
All focus on reproductive isolating mechanisms.
None can be applied to fossil organisms.
Except as criteria for naming species they have nothing in common.
For which group/taxon does the biological species concept not apply especially well?
Humans
Bacteria
Dinosaurs
Flowering plants
Fossil diatoms
Speciation results from:
Gene flow and genetic divergence.
Gene flow and genetic isolation.
Genetic isolation and genetic divergence.
What does “allopatric” mean?
Having different alleles.
Having different genes.
In different places.
In the same place.
Allopatric speciation begins with:
Geographical isolation.
Genetic divergence.
Genetic drift.
What is another term for genetic isolation?
Geographical isolation
Reproductive isolation
The most important evolutionary mechanisms in allopatric speciation are:
Natural selection and postzygotic reproductive isolation.
Natural selection and genetic drift.
Natural selection and nonrandom mating.
Mutation and nonrandom mating.
What happens when formerly geographically isolated populations come together?
Reinforcement maintains reproductive isolation.
The two gene pools fuse, becoming one.
A hybrid zone forms.
A new species evolves.
One population/gene pool goes extinct.
If two formerly geographically isolated bird species/populations come into contact and readily interbreed, but the hybrid eggs do not hatch, what is most likely to happen?
Selection will act on both populations to produce hybrid embryos that hatch.
Selection will operate to increase prezygotic isolation of the two species/populations.
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms such as mating calls or behavioral differences between the two populations/species will decrease.
Postzygotc isolation between the two populations/species will decrease.
What does “sympatric” mean?
Having similar alleles.
Having similar genes.
Which mode of selection often plays an especially important part in sympatric speciation?
Directional
Disruptive/ Diversifying
Sexual
Stabilizing
What are phylogenies?
Models depicting evolutionary mechanisms.
Hypotheses of evolutionary relationships among taxa.
Graphical representation of morphological similarities.
“Maps” of evolutionary relationships.
The three domains of life are
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
Ecosystems, Organisms, and Cells
Plants, fungi, animals, and protists
Nodes in a graphical phylogenetic hypothesis (cladogram):
Represent the shared common ancestor of a clade.
Identify the point of divergence of lineages in a clade.
Identify a clade’s analogous structures.
Which would be most useful in elucidating phylogeny (relatedness)?
Homologies.
Analogies.
Both are equally useful.
Neither are very useful for inferring relatedness.
Homologous structures reflect:
Shared ancestry.
Similarity of function.
Convergent evolution.
Analogous structures reflect:
The bones of the flipper of a penguin (bird) and a dolphin (mammal) – both tetrapods – are_____; the functional flippers are______ .
analogous; homologous
analogous; analogous also
homologous; analogous
homologous; homologous also
Sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. Sea snakes and eels therefore share a______ body form.
analogous
homologous
ancestral
monophyletic
The phylogenetic hypothesis most likely to be correct is the one:
With the fewest homologies.
With the fewest analogies.
With the most analogies.
With the most homologies.
