Prosencephalon

Diencephalon

Thalamus

How do we know the thalamus and cerebral cortex are connected?

Specific thalamic nuclei

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Nonspecific thalamic nuclei

Association nuclei

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Telencephalon

Olfactory system

Hippocampus

Basal ganglia

Nucleus basalis

Ventricles

Location of ventricles

choroid plexus

meninges

hydrocephalus

Hindbrain

Midbrain

Forebrain

Organization of the cerebral cortex

Brodmann

Lamina V

Occipital lobe

Lamina IV

Parietal lobe

Postcentral gyrus

Temporal lobe

Structure of the cerebral cortex

Function of areas of the cerebral cortex

Functional cortex + Lobes

Frontal lobe

Proliferation

Germinal zones

Migration

Iterated processing unit

immunoglobins & chemokines

Differentiation

Sperry

neural darwinism

Neurotrophin

nerve growth factor (NGF)

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Ferret experiment

Ferret experiment procedure

Enriched vs impoverished environments

What is true of the number of synapses?

Brain adaptations in people blind since infancy

focal hand dystonia

Steps in neural development

closed head injury

stroke (cerebrovascular incident)

tissue plasminogen
activator (tPA)

penumbra

Diaschisis

Regrowth of axons

Why is axon regeneration limited in mammals?

Collateral sprouting

Two types of collateral sprouting in the hippocampus

Denervation supersensitivity

Disuse supersensitivity

Causes for supersensitivity

How do phantom limbs develop?

deafferented

Thomas LeVere / rats

law of specific nerve energies

Structure of the eye

Route within the retina

amacrine cells

optic nerve

lens

pupil

iris

vitreous humor

retina

fovea

midget ganglion cells

Retina

Morphology of rods & cones

Rhodopsin

Rods

Cones

Photopigments

Ratio of rods to cones

Human foveal vision vs peripheral vision

Route inside the retina

receptive field

Diagram of lateral inhibition

Things to remember about lateral inhibition

lateral inhibition

Multiple cells stimulated (lateral inhibition diagram)

center-surround field

Young-Helmholtz theory

Rods + three cones wavelength graph

Distribution of cones

Cone sensitivity

opponent process theory

color constancy

retinex theory

color blindness/color vision deficiency

parvocellular (X) neurons

magnocellular (Y) neurons

koniocellular (w) neurons

Receptive field (of a receptor vs a cell)

Visual fields & hemiretinas

Visual information crossing

optic chiasm

Visual pathway information

What happens if you cut the optic nerve?

What happens if you crush the optic chiasm?

What happens if you cut the optic tract?

What does the retina innervate?

Pathway of visual information from the thalamus

ventral stream

dorsal stream

Lateral geniculate nucleus

How the lateral geniculate is organized

Hubel & Wiesel's experiment

Simple cell

Complex cells

Hypercomplex cells

inferior temporal cortex

visual agnosia

prosopagnosia

color perception

Area MT (middle temporal cortex) and MST (medial superior temporal cortex)

sensitive period

strabismus (strabismic amblyopia)

Cataracts effect on early infancy

amplitude

frequency

timbre

pinna

auditory canal/external auditory meatus

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

middle ear

eustachian tube

cochlea

Structure of ear

Structure of cochlea

organ of corti

How does sound get transformed into electrical impulses?

Place theory

Frequency theory

Volley theory

Current theory of sound

amusia

cochlear nucleus

primary auditory cortex (A1)

Auditory system "what" pathway

Auditory system "where" pathway

Damage to the superior temporal cortex

conductive deafness

nerve deafness

Sound localization

Difference in intensity

Time of arrival

Phase difference between ears

How do humans localize frequencies?

Comparison of visual vs auditory pathway

vestibular system

Somatosensory system

Pacinian corpuscle

Different somatosensory receptors

Somatosensory system receptors

Somatosensory pathway

Neurotransmitters released by pain axons

Pain pathway vs touch pathway

Cingulate cortex

opioid mechanisms

gate theory

What do morphines inhibit?

cannabinoids

capsaicin

Itch

labelled-line code

across-fiber code

taste buds

Mechanisms of taste receptors

Olfaction

olfactory cells

Linda Buck

Deleting a gene that controls which channel potassium passes through creates ?

vomeronasal organ (VNO)

apocrine glands

Synesthesia