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Microorganism MCQs (ALL)

Microorganism MCQs (ALL)

Questão 1 de 90

1

A microbe growing in a functioning refrigerator is probably a:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Psychrophile

  • Mesophile

  • Thermophile

  • Hyperthermophile

Explicação

Questão 2 de 90

1

A microbe isolated from deep in the ocean could best be characterized as a:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Psychrophile.

  • Mesophile.

  • Barophile and psychrophile

  • Barophile.

Explicação

Questão 3 de 90

1

Addition of blood to a culture medium only allows the haemolytic bacteria that grow on the plate to be picked out. This is an example of a:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Selective medium

  • Differential medium

  • Complex medium

  • Synthetic medium

Explicação

Questão 4 de 90

1

All organisms require the following macronutrients:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Potassium, magnesium, zinc

  • Phosphorus, cobalt, manganese

  • Calcium, potassium, zinc

  • Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium

Explicação

Questão 5 de 90

1

Almost all medically important microbes are:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Chemolithoautotrophs

  • Photoorganoheterotrophs

  • Photolithoautotrophs

  • Chemoorganoheterotrophs

Explicação

Questão 6 de 90

1

An extremophilic microbe is one which:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Can survive dry conditions

  • Can grow only when there is a mixture of stress parameters (e.g. high temperatures and low pH)

  • Can grow optimally under extreme conditions

  • Becomes dormant under extreme conditions

Explicação

Questão 7 de 90

1

Biochemical synthesis of new cell material is called:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Metabolism.

  • Anabolism.

  • Catabolism.

  • Synthatabolism.

Explicação

Questão 8 de 90

1

Carl Woese of the University of Illinois and his collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Microscopic examination of the staining characteristics of the cell wall

  • Metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas

  • Ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive extreme temperatures

  • Molecular characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences

Explicação

Questão 9 de 90

1

Carrier mediated transport is necessary when:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell

  • Movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient

  • The level of nutrients in nature is very low

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 10 de 90

1

Catalase is indispensable to:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Obligate anaerobes

  • Aerotolerant anaerobes

  • Aerobes

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 11 de 90

1

Chemical energy is released when organic or inorganic compounds are:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Reduced

  • Incorporated into larger molecules

  • Synthesized

  • Oxidized

Explicação

Questão 12 de 90

1

Denitrification is a process by which:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Nitrogen gas is fixed by microorganisms

  • Nitrates are reduced to nitrogen gas

  • Nitrates are reduced to ammonia

  • Nitrogen is assimilated into cellular material

Explicação

Questão 13 de 90

1

Incorporation of atmospheric N2 to NH4+ occurs via the process of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Nitrogen fixation.

  • Nitrification.

  • Denitrification.

  • None of the above, atmospheric N2 cannot be incorporated into NH4+

Explicação

Questão 14 de 90

1

MacConkey agar selects for:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Gram-negative bacteria

  • Gram-positive bacteria

  • Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

  • Haemolytic microorganisms

Explicação

Questão 15 de 90

1

Modes of obtaining nutrition, used by at least some bacteria, include all of the following EXCEPT:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Chemolithoautrophy

  • Photolithoautrophy

  • Chemoheteroautrophy

  • Chemoorganoheterotrophy

Explicação

Questão 16 de 90

1

Photoautotophs use:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source

  • Light as an energy and methane as a carbon source

  • CO2 as both an energy source and a carbon source

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 17 de 90

1

Siderophores:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Act as a solvent for iron and transport it into the cells

  • Are a key component of cytochromes

  • Help maintain osmotic balance in seawater microbes

  • Develop when errors in membrane synthesis occur

Explicação

Questão 18 de 90

1

The cardinal temperatures are the:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Minimum temperatures

  • Optimum temperatures

  • Maximum temperatures

  • Minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures taken together

Explicação

Questão 19 de 90

1

The CORRECT way to write this microbe’s name is

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • bacillus subtilis (italics)

  • Bacillus subtilis

  • Bacillus Subtilis (italics)

  • Bacillus subtilis (italics)

Explicação

Questão 20 de 90

1

The signature sequence is used extensively in the:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Phylogenetic probe

  • Reclassification of misclassified organisms

  • Defining of a specific group within a domain

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 21 de 90

1

The size (as determined by the sedimentation factor) of the most useful RNA molecule for prokaryotic evolutionary studies is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 5S

  • 16S

  • 18S

  • 23S

Explicação

Questão 22 de 90

1

Which of the following is a macronutrient?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Manganese

  • Magnesium

  • Zinc

  • Cobalt

Explicação

Questão 23 de 90

1

Which of the following is both a selective and a differential medium?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Nutrient broth.

  • MacConkey agar.

  • Blood agar.

  • Tryptic soya broth.

Explicação

Questão 24 de 90

1

Which of the following forms of oxygen are generally toxic to living organisms?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Superoxide anion

  • Hydrogen peroxide

  • Hydroxyl radical

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 25 de 90

1

Which of these environmental factors influence microbial growth?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • pH

  • Water potential

  • Oxygen

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 26 de 90

1

Which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Extreme halophiles

  • Extreme thermophiles

  • Methanogens

  • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules

Explicação

Questão 27 de 90

1

A Wild-type bacterial strain is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • A strain with a limited number of mutations

  • An arbitrarily chosen strain

  • A strain without plasmids

  • A strain which is sensitive to antibiotics

Explicação

Questão 28 de 90

1

Bacterial genes:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Are stretches of double stranded RNA

  • Have introns

  • Are often organised into operons

  • Are always present in two copies

Explicação

Questão 29 de 90

1

Bacterial Genomics is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • A study of the entire bacterial genome

  • Sequencing of the bacterial chromosome

  • A study of essential genes and genetic elements

  • Sequencing of DNA samples obtained from the environment

Explicação

Questão 30 de 90

1

Genetic recombination is a:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Change of DNA structure caused by radiation

  • Amplification of DNA molecules followed by cell division

  • Physical exchange between DNA molecules

  • Process resulting in protein synthesis

Explicação

Questão 31 de 90

1

Mutations are:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Chemical modifications of DNA or RNA molecules

  • Any changes of bacterial genome as compared with a wild type

  • Events resulting from genetic exchange between bacterial plasmids

  • Sequencing errors

Explicação

Questão 32 de 90

1

Post-genomic techniques include:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Proteomics

  • Use of restriction enzymes

  • Gene sequencing

  • Studies of signal-transduction pathways

Explicação

Questão 33 de 90

1

The bacterial genome is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Mostly diploid but includes several haploid regions

  • A single circular DNA molecule

  • Mostly haploid

  • A double stranded RNA molecule

Explicação

Questão 34 de 90

1

Which one of the following sentences correctly describes the science of Metagenomics?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Metagenomics is a genome level study of the whole microbial community

  • Metagenomics is a genomics of industrially and medically important bacteria

  • Metagenomics is a study of gene expression

  • Metagenomics is a comparative analysis of the sequenced microbial genomes

Explicação

Questão 35 de 90

1

With regards to bacterial plasmids which statement is the correct one?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • A plasmid is a regulatory gene

  • A plasmid is a short RNA molecule

  • A plasmid is an extra chromosomal DNA molecule

  • A plasmid is a non coding region found in some bacterial genomes

Explicação

Questão 36 de 90

1

A culture of E. coli is diluted by a factor of 10-6 and, after plating out 100 μl on an agar plate, 63 colonies grew after incubation at 37oC overnight. The original culture therefore contained how many viable E coli cells per ml?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 6.3 x 10(7)

  • 6.3 x 10(8)

  • 6.3 x 10(6)

  • 6.3 x 10(5)

Explicação

Questão 37 de 90

1

Bacterial flagella bring about cell motion by which mechanism?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Wave-like movement of the flagellum

  • Rotation of the cell

  • Rotation of the flagellum in one direction only

  • Rotation of the flagellum that is reversible

Explicação

Questão 38 de 90

1

Koch’s postulates most CORRECTLY relate to which one of the following statements?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The isolation of a bacterium in culture from an infection alone indicates that it caused the disease

  • Isolation and cultivation of a microorganism from a diseased animal, then inoculation into another healthy animal to cause the same disease, followed by re-isolation of the same microorganism, indicates that it is the cause of the disease

  • The observation of virus particles in tissue from a human with disease indicates that it has caused the disease

  • Inoculation of a bacterium into an animal and observation of disease alone indicates that it is the cause of the disease observed

Explicação

Questão 39 de 90

1

Pasteur is attributed with which one of the following discoveries?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Was the first to see microorganisms under a microscope

  • First to discover and use agar

  • That there could be life without air

  • The first chemical antibiotics

Explicação

Questão 40 de 90

1

The length of a typical E. coli cell is approximately?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 20 μm

  • 2 μm

  • 200 nm

  • 20nm

Explicação

Questão 41 de 90

1

With regard to the differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cells which statement is the correct one?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Bacterial cells do not contain mitochondria

  • Bacterial cells are usually larger than eukaryote cells

  • Bacteria do not contain a chromosome

  • Bacterial cells are not sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics

Explicação

Questão 42 de 90

1

With respect to differences between members of the archaeal and bacterial domains/kingdoms, which is the CORRECT statement?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Both have peptidoglycan in their cell walls

  • Only some Archaea are capable of methanogenesis

  • Archaea are sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics

  • Bacteria have similar RNA polymerase to that of Archaea

Explicação

Questão 43 de 90

1

Which statement is correct with respect to the E.coli chromosome?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • It is negatively supercoiled

  • It is positively supercoiled

  • There are typically several origins of replication

  • It consists of over 50 million base pairs

Explicação

Questão 44 de 90

1

Which statement is correct with respect to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • LPS is found in Gram positive cells

  • LPS is found in Gram negative cells in the cytoplasmic membrane

  • LPS is found in the outer-membrane of Gram negative cells

  • LPS is associated with all bacterial cells

Explicação

Questão 45 de 90

1

Which statement is correct with respect to peptidoglycan?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • There are multiple molecules of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

  • Only Gram positive cells possess peptidoglycan

  • There is only a single molecule of peptidoglycan in a bacterial cell wall

  • Peptidoglycan is only found in Gram negative cell walls

Explicação

Questão 46 de 90

1

Anthrophilic dermatophytes (fungi causing cutaneous infections of humans) are primarily associated with:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Soil

  • Animals

  • Plants

  • Humans

Explicação

Questão 47 de 90

1

Asexual reproduction in the Mastigomycotina (e.g. Phytophthora spp.) results in the formation of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Sporangia

  • Oospores

  • Zygospores

  • Conidia

Explicação

Questão 48 de 90

1

Black sigatoka is a:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Fungal root disease of bananas

  • Fungal foliar disease of bananas

  • Fungal fruit disease of apples

  • Fungal foliar disease of potatoes

Explicação

Questão 49 de 90

1

Fungal growth and cell division is NOT normally accompanied by:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Biomass acquisition

  • Reduced vitality

  • Nucleic-acid replication

  • Enhanced ability to compete with other microbial species

Explicação

Questão 50 de 90

1

Fungi primarily contribute to soil and plant health by:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Degrading sand particles to release Si

  • Facilitating desiccation of water-logged soils

  • Degrading organic matter and releasing nutrients

  • Preventing bacterial growth

Explicação

Questão 51 de 90

1

Fungi tend to live at interfaces. Which of these statements is untrue:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • This can be where nutrients are most concentrated

  • Solid surfaces may provide anchorage

  • Other microbes, that leak useful metabolites, may inhabit such niches

  • There is typically less water on physical surfaces and fungi avoid water

Explicação

Questão 52 de 90

1

In the Earth’s biosphere most fungal biomass and diversity is found:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • In the oceans

  • In soils

  • Under glaciers

  • In the atmosphere

Explicação

Questão 53 de 90

1

One factor that is NOT used to prevent or reduce fungal spoilage of processed foods is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Addition of benzene

  • Low water-activity

  • Refrigeration

  • Heat-sterilization

Explicação

Questão 54 de 90

1

Organisms belonging to the genus Phytophthora are:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • True fungi

  • Fungus-like organisms

  • Slime moulds

  • Rusts

Explicação

Questão 55 de 90

1

Phytophthora infestans is a fungus-like organism which:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Causes disease of a wide range of woody hosts

  • Causes potato blight

  • Causes ringworm

  • Causes black sigatoka disease of banana

Explicação

Questão 56 de 90

1

Phytophthora ramorum is the causal pathogen of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Potato blight

  • Sudden Oak Death

  • Coffee rust

  • Ash dieback

Explicação

Questão 57 de 90

1

‘Necrosis’ is a symptom of infection of a plant with a pathogenic organism. Necrosis is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Yellowing of infected or surrounding tissue

  • Uncontrolled cell division resulting in the formation of a gall

  • Death of infected or surrounding cells

  • Premature leaf fall

Explicação

Questão 58 de 90

1

Saprophytic activity is essential for the health of the biosphere because:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • It facilitates nutrient cycling and waste degradation

  • It kills host organisms and thereby averts overpopulation

  • It facilitates species evolution via endosymbiosis

  • It involves mineralization of inorganic rocks in the lithosphere

Explicação

Questão 59 de 90

1

Secondary symptoms of infections of plants by pathogens:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Occur at some distance from the point of infection

  • Normally occur close to the site of active infection

  • Are an ideal place to isolate the causal organism

  • Never occur at the same time as primary symptoms

Explicação

Questão 60 de 90

1

Systems biology approaches to the study of fungal cells do NOT necessarily involve:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Generation of data from biological experiments

  • Mathematical quantification of changes in cell components

  • Creation of a model of the cellular system in silico

  • Creation of a conceptual model based on philosophical techniques

Explicação

Questão 61 de 90

1

The symptom ‘chlorosis’ which develops when some fungi infect plants is due to:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Cell death

  • Nutrient imbalance

  • Impaired photosynthesis

  • Excess plant hormones

Explicação

Questão 62 de 90

1

The symptom ‘hyperplasia’ in plants caused by a fungal infection is due to:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Abnormal cell enlargement

  • Downward growth of petioles

  • Uncontrolled cell division

  • Restriction of water transport

Explicação

Questão 63 de 90

1

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about true fungi

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • True fungi are eukaryotic

  • All true fungi are multi-cellular

  • True fungi are heterotrophic

  • Most true fungi have chitin cell walls

Explicação

Questão 64 de 90

1

Which of the following is NOT an alternative name for cutaneous fungal infections of humans:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Superficial mycoses

  • Dermatophytes

  • Mycetoma

  • Ringworms

Explicação

Questão 65 de 90

1

Which of the following is NOT part of the plant disease triangle:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Susceptible host

  • Climate change

  • Active pathogen

  • Suitable environment

Explicação

Questão 66 de 90

1

Which of the following organisms is NOT a true fungus (i.e. it is classified in the Kingdom Protoctista):

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Phytophthora infestans

  • Botrytis cinerea

  • Agaricus bisporus

  • Taphrina deformans

Explicação

Questão 67 de 90

1

Which of the following statements is NOT true about rust fungi?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • They are obligate pathogens

  • They are host specific pathogens

  • They have an active saprophytic phase

  • They form basidiospores as part of their life cycle

Explicação

Questão 68 de 90

1

Which of these statements is untrue?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Some species of yeasts are highly tolerant to ethanol stress

  • Some species of fungi are extremely xerophilic

  • Many fungi are more tolerant to water stress than any bacterial species

  • Fungi can grow over the entire pH range from 0 to 14

Explicação

Questão 69 de 90

1

Zoophilic dermatophytes are:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • normally associated with animals and humans

  • normally only associated with humans

  • mainly associated with the soil

  • mainly associated with contaminated water

Explicação

Questão 70 de 90

1

Modification of RNA polymerase confers bacterial resistance to:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Beta-lactam antibiotics

  • Rifampicin

  • Quinolone antibiotics

  • Metronidazole

Explicação

Questão 71 de 90

1

The Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • Attenuated live Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • Mycobacterium bovis

  • Attenuated live Mycobacterium bovis

Explicação

Questão 72 de 90

1

The antibiotic rifampicin interferes with which of the following?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Peptidoglycan synthesis

  • DNA gyrase

  • Lipid synthesis

  • RNA polymerase

Explicação

Questão 73 de 90

1

Which one of the following infectious diseases has been eradicated from the human population?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Plague

  • Leprosy

  • Small pox

  • Polio

Explicação

Questão 74 de 90

1

Which of the following is a bacterial infection?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Whooping cough

  • Polio

  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

  • Malaria

Explicação

Questão 75 de 90

1

Which of the following is a host component important in specific immune recognition of extracellular microbes?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Antigen

  • Antibody

  • Phagocyte

  • Lipopolysaccharide

Explicação

Questão 76 de 90

1

Which of the following is NOT an acquired mechanism of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Beta-lactamase production

  • Efflux pump antibiotic export

  • Lack of peptidoglycan

  • RNA polymerase single nucleotide change

Explicação

Questão 77 de 90

1

Which of the following is only transmitted by direct person-to-person contact?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Malaria

  • Plague

  • Gonorrhoea

  • Tuberculosis

Explicação

Questão 78 de 90

1

Which of the following is transmitted via the faecal-oral-route?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Malaria

  • Typhoid

  • Plague

  • Meningitis

Explicação

Questão 79 de 90

1

Which of the following is primarily a respiratory pathogen?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Vibrio cholera

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • Salmonella typhi

  • Mycobacterium leprae

Explicação

Questão 80 de 90

1

Which of the following is transmitted to humans by arthropods?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Tuberculosis

  • Malaria

  • Cholera

  • Typhoid

Explicação

Questão 81 de 90

1

Which one of the following diseases is NOT caused by an infectious agent?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Stomach ulcer

  • Cystic fibrosis

  • Cervical cancer

  • Liver cancer

Explicação

Questão 82 de 90

1

All viruses:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis

  • Replicate their genomes in the nucleus of the cell

  • Replicate their genomes in the cytoplasm of the cell

  • Surround their progeny genomes with capsid proteins inside infected cells

Explicação

Questão 83 de 90

1

Mature virus particles (Virions) ALWAYS contain:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • non-structural proteins

  • a protease enzyme

  • a DNA or RNA genome

  • a reverse transcriptase

Explicação

Questão 84 de 90

1

Poliovirus:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Has a double-stranded DNA genome

  • Has a capsid that is composed of 240 copies of a single protein

  • Replicates primarily in the upper respiratory tract

  • Belongs to the enterovirus genus of the picornavirus family

Explicação

Questão 85 de 90

1

The genome of measles virus is composed of :

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Double stranded DNA

  • Single stranded DNA

  • Single stranded RNA

  • DNA and RNA

Explicação

Questão 86 de 90

1

The poliovirus mature virus particle:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Contains 240 copies of a single protein

  • Contains 60 copies of four proteins

  • Has a dsDNA genome

  • Has a single stranded negative–sense genome

Explicação

Questão 87 de 90

1

Tobacco mosaic virus has:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • An icosahedral capsid

  • A helical capsid

  • Multiple copies of each of four proteins making up the capsid

  • Multiple copies of two proteins making up the capsid

Explicação

Questão 88 de 90

1

Underline the TRUE statement below:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Viruses do not infect microorganisms

  • All viruses are enveloped

  • All viruses cause disease

  • All viruses are parasites

Explicação

Questão 89 de 90

1

Viruses may encode their genomes as

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • DNA

  • RNA

  • negative strand RNA

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 90 de 90

1

Virus particles:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Are always smaller than bacterial cells

  • Can replicate independently of a host cell if provided with a nutrient medium

  • Can use some of the enzymes expressed in the host cell to aid their replication

  • Are always eliminated by the host immune system

Explicação

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