Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the anatomy of the pituitary gland.
What is the posterior pituitary also known as?
Neurohypophysis
Adenohypophysis
What is the anterior pituitary gland also known as?
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Which part of the pituitary gland do the paraventricular nuclei project to?
Posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis
Anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
Posterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
Anterior pituitary/neurohypophysis
Where would you find the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei?
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Infundibular stem of the neurohypophysis
Pars distalis of the adenohypophysis
Which part of the pituitary gland do the supraoptic nuclei project to?
Which part of the pituitary gland is formed of an infundibular stem and the pars nervosa?
Which part of the pituitary gland is formed of the pars distalis and pars tuberalis?
Which part of the pituitary gland mainly secretes ADH and oxytocin?
Which part of the pituitary gland secretes prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH etc?
What do the neurosecretory cells of the pituitary gland release hormones in response to?
Depolarisation
Hyperpolarisation
Other hormones binding
Change in blood pH
What is the function of the Herring bodies found in the terminal ends of the axons of the posterior pituitary glands?
Storage of hormones
Storage of neurotransmitter
pH maintenance
Support for the axons of the neurohypophysis
Where will you find pituicytes?
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the method of release of hormones by the posterior pituitary gland. 1. ❌ are synthesises in the cell bodies of neurons in the ❌. 2. These pre-hormones are cleaved to yield the ❌ hormone bound to ❌. 3. The hormones are transported down the ❌ to the axon terminals. 4. Hormones are stored in ❌ at the termini. 5. Hormones are released into ❌ upon stimulation of cell bodies in the hypothalamus.
In the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis we have acidophils and basophils. Why are acidophils called acidophils?
They take up acids
They take up bases
They secrete growth hormone
Their cytosol is acidic
Why are basophils called basophils?
Their cytosol is neutral
They occur on the basal lamina
Growth hormone and pro-lactin are secreted by which type of cell in the adenohypophysis?
Acidophils
Basophils
Chromophobes
TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH are secreted by which cells of the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis?
Which of the following act as the stem cells for the pars distalis?
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is released by the cells of which part of the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis?
Pars intermedia
Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the regulation of secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. 1. The ❌ cells of the ❌ project to the ❌. 2. These cells discharge into the capillaries of the ❌. 3. The hormones they release either stimulate or inhibit the release of ❌ from the anterior pituitary.
How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?
2
1
3
4
The thyroid gland's lobes are connected by a midline isthmus.
Where will you find the isthmus of the thyroid gland?
Between the 2nd and 4th tracheal rings
Between the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
Between the 4th and 5th tracheal rings
Between the 1st and 3rd tracheal rings
The cuboidal epithelial cells of the thyroid gland are arranged around a central cavity to form what?
A follicle
A fascicle
A lumen
A pit
What do the cuboidal epithelial cells of the thyroid gland secrete?
Thyroglobulin
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
TSH
The lumen of the follicles of the thyroid gland is filled with thyroglobulin.
C-cells/parafollicular cells are found at the junctions between follicles of the thyroid gland. What do they secrete?
Calcitonin stimulates calcium mobilisation from bone.
How does the thyroid gland produce and release thyroxine?
Breakdown of iodinated thyroglobulin
Breakdown of thyroglobulin
Oxidisation of iodine
Protein synthesis
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. 1. The thyroid ❌ cells take up ❌. 2. Iodide is oxidised to ❌. 3. Iodine covalently attaches to ❌ residues of ❌ within the lumen of the follicle. 4. Iodinated thyroglobulin is broken down in ❌ to ❌. 5. Thyroxine is released into surrounding ❌.
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland.
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the histology of the thyroid gland.
Where are the parathyroid glands found?
Embedded in the posterior border of the thyroid
Embedded in the anterior border of the thyroid
Either side of the thyroid
Just above the thyroid
How many parathyroid glands do we normally have?
The parathyroid glands are around the size of a pea.
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Stimulate calcium mobilisation from bone
Inhibit calcium mobilisation from bone
Stimulate the thyroid gland
Stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline
The chief cells of the parathyroid gland are arranged in irregular cords around capillaries.
Which suprarenal gland is described as having a crescent shape, whilst the other has a pyramidal shape?
Left suprarenal gland
Right suprarenal gland
The medulla and cortex of the suprarenal glands have differing embryological origins.
Which is the correct order of structures in the suprarenal gland from outermost to innermost?
Capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, medulla
Medulla, zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa, capsule
Capsule, medulla, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
Capsule, zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa, medulla
Drag and drop the correct answers to label the histologies of the cortex of the adrenal gland.
To remember what the different layers of the adrenal cortex secrete, we use the acronym GFR ACT. Fill in the blanks to describe what each layer secretes. The first layer is the zona G. It secretes A and other mineralocorticoids. The second layer is the zona F. It secretes C and other glucocorticoids. The third layer is the zona R. It secretes T and other sex steroid hormones.
Which of the following regulate the zona glomerulosa?
Renin and angiotensin
ACTH
Oestrogen
ADH
Which of the following regulates the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal gland?
Which of the following regulates the zona reticularis of the suprarenal gland?
Which branch of the nervous system acts upon the adrenal medulla?
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Somatic
Enteric
Which neurotransmitter stimulates the adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
Dopamine
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the layers of the suprarenal gland.
What do the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete?
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Pancreatic peptide
What do the B cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete?
Pancreatic polypeptide
What do the theta cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete?