What was the Enlightenment?

How did Callinicos describe the cycle of society, and how did this change post-enlightenment?

What are the 5 stages of Callinicos's cycle of society?
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R

what was the Great Chain of Being?

Thomas Hobbes believed that we could examine the hierarchy of society and improve the structure of the state.

What did Hobbes believe the outcome of this would be?

What did Hobbes believe the natural state of human kind was like?

Why did Hobbes believe it was important to examine society as a product of human nature?

How does Hobbes form the basis of liberal politics in modern society?

How is Hobbes fundamental to the idea of modern democracy?

What term did Rousseau coin in the 17th Century?

Did Rousseau adopt Thomas Hobbes idea about democracy?

What phrase did Rousseau use to describe political legislation in the 17th Century?

Why was Rousseau's idea about democracy and legislation so revolutionary in the 17th Century?

How are Rousseau's ideas about democracy relevant to modern society?

What are Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson best known for?

What did Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson use scientific knowledge and rational reasoning to identify about human kind?

What did Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson argue that the equality of all humankind?

What did Immanuel Kant argue about the development of human kind?

Did the Enlightenment period allow humans to develop excess capacity?

Immanuel Kant argued that reason allows us to make judgements from historical and scientific knowledge to determine the consequences of human action. What did the ability to reason also create?

What were the two outcomes of the Enlightenment period?

The Enlightenment was therefore the birth of....?

What did internal migration throughout Europe during the industrial revolution result in?

What were the Industrial 'hot spots' in the UK?

What did large industrial factories require?

What were the two responses to social change?

What did Jeremy Bentham's concept of Utilitarianism involve?

Jeremy Bentham believed that these reforms required a system which could test the effectiveness of these social structures. What was this system?

How can the greatest happiness principle be criticised?

What did the reform act called: 'The representation of the people' in 1832 introduce?

Did Jeremy Bentham believe in equal rights for women?

What did John Stuart Mill believe about power and social institutions?

What TWO reforms did John Stuart Mill advocate?

What did John Stuart Mill believe about people being ignorant to social inequality and the destruction of democracy?

According to John Stuart Mill, when should the state intervene with individuals?

John Stuart Mill therefore believed in minimal state intervention - how is this influential in modern society?

What did John Stuart Mill mean by proportional representation?

Did John Stuart Mill believe in female suffrage?

What are the criticisms of JS Mill's reforms?

According to Marx, why is human potential so important & how is it shaped?

If the structure of society shapes human potential, what happens when society constrains certain social groups?

What two categories is human capacity split into?

What are the two types of needs that humans desire in society?

What does the relationship between natural & species needs identify about society?

How is our consciousness formed?

Does capitalism distort our consciousness?

Olloman (1976) identifies 6 ways in which consciousness makes humans distinct from animals, what are these?

What does Marx think about our conscious, creative capacity?

For Marx, how is our conscious creative capacity determined?

What three epochs of society does Marx outline to show that our conscious creative capacity is determined by our social world?

Name 3 characteristics of primitive society?

How was human capacity and potential fulfilled in primitive society?

Name 3 characteristics of a capitalist society?

How is human capacity and potential expressed in a capitalist society?

What is the key element of a communist society?

How is human potential and capacity expressed in a communist society?

How are humans able to turn the capitalist system into a communist one?

How are workers alienated from their productive activity in a modern capitalist society?

How do workers become alienated from the object of their activities?

How are workers alienated from their peers?

How are humans alienated from their own human potential?