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Mitochondria: Structure, function and development

Questão 1 de 33

1

This is our learning resource on Mitochondria, in the form of a quiz. There may be more than one correct answer for each question, or equally just one. It is advised that this quiz is used as a consolidation resource, and that lectures have been revised, as well as the content of "Karp, G. C. (2014). Cell Biology. 7th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley." is covered (or any other molecular cell biology text book.

Here is a practice at answering:

Mitochondria are an organelle within the cell. True or False?

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 2 de 33

2

What does the outer boundary of a mitochondria contain?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Cristae

  • Outer membrane

  • Inner membrane

  • Cytosol

Explicação

Questão 3 de 33

2

What is the inner membrane subdivided into?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Inner boundary membrane

  • Thylakoid membrane

  • Cristae

  • ATP synthesising membrane

Explicação

Questão 4 de 33

1

Approximately what length is a mitochondrion?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 1-2μm

  • 0.1- 05μm

  • 3- 5μm

Explicação

Questão 5 de 33

1

According to one of the structural models, what structure joins the major domains of the inner membrane?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Cristae junction

  • Interlinking-tubular connection

  • Connexins

  • Domain-binding protein

Explicação

Questão 6 de 33

1

What characteristic makes the outer membrane permeable?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Voltage-gated channels

  • Porins

  • Ligand-gated channels

Explicação

Questão 7 de 33

2

Why is the mitochondria termed as 'semi-autonomous'?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • It has it's own DNA and therefore replication is not controlled by cell division but most of the proteins it requires are encoded for by the nucleus and without them, the mitochondrion would not be functional.

  • It can only partially carry out its function on its own without the intervention of other organelles to complete a task.

  • It has it's own DNA and ribosomes within the matrix but requires substrates from the cytosol such as pyruvate to carry out its function as it doesn't contain the right enzymes to make the substrates itself.

Explicação

Questão 8 de 33

2

How do mitochondria normally exist in cells?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Individually

  • In a syncytium

  • In pairs

  • Separated

Explicação

Questão 9 de 33

1

What does fusion of mitochondria result in the mixing of?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • The outer membranes only

  • The inner membranes only

  • The outer membranes and contents of the matrix only

  • The outer membranes, inner membranes and the contents of the matrix

Explicação

Questão 10 de 33

2

What are 2 important roles of mitochondrial fusion?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • For transport of mitochondria

  • To allow communication between organelles

  • For distribution of mitochondria

  • To buffer defects that arise in the mitochondria

Explicação

Questão 11 de 33

1

What does mitochondrial division facilitate?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Distribution and transport of mitochondria

  • Communication between organelles

  • The buffering defects that arise in mitochondria

  • Division does not facilitate any processes

Explicação

Questão 12 de 33

1

What are the only outer membrane proteins essential for fusion of mitochondria?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs)

  • Sodium-potassium pumps

  • Mitofusins

  • No outer membrane proteins are essential for fusion

Explicação

Questão 13 de 33

1

What mediate the division events of mitochondria?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Mitofusins

  • Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs)

  • The electron transport chain

  • There are no specific proteins

Explicação

Questão 14 de 33

1

The placement of the mitochondrial division site is dependent on an interaction with which other organelle?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Peroxisome

  • ER

  • Nucleus

  • Lysosome

Explicação

Questão 15 de 33

1

Mitochondria will elongate and form net-like structures due to?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Loss of mitochondrial division

  • Loss of mitochondrial fusion

  • Loss of mitochondrial division and fusion

  • Too much mitochondrial division

Explicação

Questão 16 de 33

1

Which of these is NOT a result of loss of mitochondrial fusion?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Facilitation of cell death in response to apoptotic signals

  • Formation of well-connected networks

  • Slow cell growth

  • Reduced activity of all respiratory complexes

  • Loss of control of mitochondrial shape

Explicação

Questão 17 de 33

1

Mitochondria are continually fusing and dividing, they are likely to contain...

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Wild-type DNA only

  • Both mutant and wild-type DNA

  • Mutant DNA only

Explicação

Questão 18 de 33

1

ATP synthase is embedded into the plasma membrane of the inner membrane of the mitochondria, but which part is this?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Stalk

  • Base

  • Head

Explicação

Questão 19 de 33

1

The generation of ATP via the use of a proton gradient is used by which ATP associated complex?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • F – Type

  • V – Type

  • C – Type

Explicação

Questão 20 de 33

1

The C – subunits are used by protons as a transporter to ‘pass’ through the a – subunit. How many C – subunits are found in the bacterial/plastid ATP synthase complex?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • 10 – 15 subunits

  • 8 – 10 subunits

  • 5 – 8 subunits

Explicação

Questão 21 de 33

2

True or false: the addition of a proton to the COOH group found on a C – subunit causes the neutralisation of the group which in turn generates the rotation seen in an active complex?

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 22 de 33

1

The use of opposite charges are used to generate the motion of the C – subunit which drives the rotation of the stalk. The attraction between the COO- group and which amino acid on the Stator causes the motion?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Lysine

  • Arginine

  • Histidine

Explicação

Questão 23 de 33

1

How many α and β subunits are there on the head of each ATP synthase?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 3 each

  • 4 each

  • 6 each

Explicação

Questão 24 de 33

1

What causes the α and β subunits to change from an open to a loose to a tight formation to generate ATP?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Orientation of the α and β subunits

  • Orientation of the Stator

  • Orientation of the ϒ stalk

Explicação

Questão 25 de 33

1

True or false: ATP synthase can associate together, with their stalk regions back to back to form a dimer?

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 26 de 33

3

The Respirasome is a complex of multiple complexes which are used in the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the make-up of the Respirasome?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Complex I, Complex II and Complex IV

  • Complex I, Complex III and Complex VI

  • Complex I, Complex III and Complex IV

Explicação

Questão 27 de 33

1

The action of Complex I, allows for the translocation of four protons into the intermembrane space, this action is also coupled with which other process?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The reduction of NADH

  • The reduction of Ubiquinone

  • The addition of sugars

Explicação

Questão 28 de 33

1

Which of the following is NOT another name for Complex II?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Succinate Coenzyme Q reductase

  • Succinate Dehydrogenase

  • Succinate Fumarate reductase

Explicação

Questão 29 de 33

1

Complex III contains cytochrome b, cytochrome c, and Fe-S Reiske protein. Which of these structures is encoded for by a mitochondrial gene?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Cytochrome b

  • Cytochrome c

  • Fe-S Reiske protein

Explicação

Questão 30 de 33

1

Complex IV makes use of atmospheric oxygen to generate water. This process is achieved via the creation of what, between haem groups CuB and a3, causing the reduction of oxygen?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • An oxide bridge.

  • A peroxide bridge.

  • A Severn Bridge.

Explicação

Questão 31 de 33

1

What role does Mitochondria have in regulating the levels of calcium in the cell?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Mitochondria acts as an intracellular buffer of calcium.

  • The majority of the calcium absorbed by the cell is then absorbed by the mitochondria to avoid precipitation when in contact with phosphate groups.

  • Mitochondria does not play any role in regulating levels of calcium.

Explicação

Questão 32 de 33

2

Mitochondria has various functions in the cell apart from oxidative phosphorylation. Which of these is also a mitochondrial function?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Apoptosis

  • Detoxification of toxic respiratory products

  • Glucose metabolism

Explicação

Questão 33 de 33

3

Read this paper:

Xu, Y., Peng, L. and Li, Y. (2005). Impaired development of mitochondria plays a role in the central nervous system defects of fetal alcohol syndrome. Birth Defects Research 73: 83-91.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdra.20110/full

According to the paper, why is full mitochondrial development important within mammals (3 marks):

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • It can lead to poorly formed organs and central nervous system.

  • It leads to abnormal cellular metabolism.

  • It is important in homeostasis

  • None of the above

Explicação

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