dissolved substances move by active transport and diffusion
how does water move across boundaries
diffusion
active transport
osmosis
osmosis is from an area of...
low concentration (dilute) to high concentration (concentrated)
high concentration to low
the membrane in osmosis is semi permeable
what causes the water to move In or out of the cell?
Difference in substance
Difference in concentration
Difference in energy
what do most soft drinks contain? (3 answers)
water
air
carbon dioxide
sugar
ions
why do sports drinks contain sugars?
so they can run faster and further
to replace sugar used in energy release during the activity
if water ions aren't replaced the ion/water balance of the body is disturbed so cells don't work efficiently.
why do sports drinks contain water?
to provide them with more energy
to replace water lost when sweating
which process of exchanging materials requires energy?
Osmosis
Active transport
Facts about active transport: (3 answers)
Substances absorbed with the concentration gradient
substances absorbed against the concentration gradient
uses energy from respiration
doesn't require energy
allows cells to absorb ions from very dilute solutions
How can you increase the efficiency of an exchange surface?
have a lower surface area
have a high surface area
being thin
having a long diffusion path
(In animals) having a good blood supply
being well ventilated (also only in animals)
why are exchange surfaces adapted in humans?
To increase effectiveness
to make sure things don't diffuse too fast
the size and complexity of an organism increases the difficulty of exchanging materials
what is the surface area of the lungs increased by?
alveoli
villi
what is the surface area of the small intestine increased by?
villi have an extensive network of capillaries to absorb products from digestion by active transport and diffusion
facts about the lungs: (4 answers)
protected by the ribs
below the diaphragm
above the diaphragm
diaphragm separates it from the thorax (the upper part of the body)
diaphragm separates it from the abdomen (lower part of the body)
in the upper part of the body
why does the breathing system take air into and out of the body?
so oxygen from the air can diffuse into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide can diffuse out into the air
so carbon dioxide from the air can diffuse into the bloodstream and oxygen can diffuse out into the air
what happens to make air move into the lungs, find the wrong answer?
ribcage moves up and out
ribcage move down and in
diaphragm becomes flatter
intercostal muscles contract as well as the diaphragm
the movement of air into and out of the lungs is known as what?
breathing
respiration
ventilation
carbon dioxide enters leaves by diffusion
where are most of the water and mineral ions absorbed?
the leaves from the air
the roots from the soil
how is the surface area of the roots increased?
by root hairs
by thin walls
how are leaves surface area increased?
by their flattened shape
internal air spaces
guard cells
being green
plants have stomata to get CO2 from the atmosphere and to remove/release oxygen produced in photosynthesis
where do plant mainly lose water vapour?
stem
leaves through the stomata
root systems
where is evaporation more rapid
hot dry windy conditions
cold wet and still conditions
if plants lose water faster than it is replaced what happens?
stomata close to prevent wilting
stomata open to induce wilting
the size of the stomata is controlled by the guard cells
What does the circulatory system do?
Transport blood around the body
Transport substances around the body
The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body and the walls are made from mostly muscle tissue
How many chambers does the heart have?
2
3
4
when blood enters the atria they contract to force blood into where?
Vena cava
Pulmonary vein
ventricles
atrium
where do ventricles force blood?
Into the heart
Out of the heart
Where does blood flow through to the organs?
arteries and veins
capillaries and veins
arteries and capillaries
Arteries have thick walls containing muscle and elastic fibres
why do veins have thinner walls and valves?
to allow blood to flow faster
to prevent backflow of blood
to increase blood pressure
If arteries begin to narrow and restrict blood flow stents are used to keep them open
in organs where does the blood flow through, to get certain substances through their walls?
veins
arteries
capillaries
Facts about blood: (2 facts)
it is a tissue
consists of a fluid called plasma
Its red
platelets are suspended in the cells of blood
Blood plasma transports:
CO2 from organs to the lungs
CO2 out of the body
Urea from the liver to the kidneys
Soluble products of digestion from the small intestine to other organs
Soluble products of digestion from the large intestine to other organs
Red blood cells transport CO2 from the lungs to the organs
2 facts about white blood cells:
they have a nucleus
they have no nucleus
they form part of the body's defence mechanisms
carry oxygen
what are platelets and do they have a nucleus?
small fragments of a cell and yes
large fragments of a cell and yes
large fragments of a cell and no
Small fragments of a cell and no
Platelets help blood clot at the side of a wound
What does xylem tissue transport?
Water and mineral ions
Nutrients
What does phloem tissue transport?
dissolved sugars to the leaves
nutrients to the leaves
Phloemeliosus
the movement of water from the roots through the xylem out of the leaves is called the what?
Diffusion
Transpiration stream
How is carbon dioxide produced?
From trees
By respiration
Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is removed from the body by the lungs when we breathe out
How is urea produced?
The breakdown of amino acids in the liver
The breakdown of amino acids in the kidneys
Urea is removed by kidneys in the urine and stored by the bladder
A healthy kidney produces urine by: (3 points)
Filtering the blood
Reabsorbing urea
Reabsorbing dissolved ions, water and sugars
Releasing urea
Releasing all sugars
How can a person be treated with kidney failure?
Dialysis
Dieting
Kidney transplant
Exercising
Facts about dialysis: (4 points)
Restores concentration of dissolved substances in blood to normal levels
Permeable membrane
Partially permeable membrane
Dialysis fluid has the same concentration of useful substances as the blood
Removes urea from the blood
Removes glucose from the blood
The donor kidney may be rejected by the immune system unless precautions are taken
What are antigens?
Proteins on the surface of cells
Proteins on the surface of antibodies
Proteins in the blood
What two ways can rejection be prevented from a transplant?
Immunosuppressants and excersize
Diet and good tissue match
Good tissue match and taking immunosuppressants
More water is lost when it is cold and more water has to be taken in to balance this loss
Sweating helps to cool the body
Where is the body temperature controlled?
Skin (touch sensitive cells)
The thermoregulatory system
The prefrontal cortex
If the core body temperature is too high:
Blood vessels dilate
Blood vessels constrict
More sweat is produced
Less sweat is produced
If the core body temperature is too low:
Muscles shiver
Sweat is produced
Where is blood glucose monitored?
Pancreas
Liver
Kidney
The pancreas produces the hormone insulin which allows glucose to move from the blood into cells
glucagon is produced in the pancreas when blood glucose levels fall, but what does it do?
causes glucagon to be converted into glucose and this is released into the blood
Causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and be released into the blood
What are 3 ways type 1 diabetes can be controlled?
Diet
Exercise
Environment
Insulin injections
Glucose injections
Type 1 diabetes is when someones blood glucose rises too high as their pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin
Deforestation leads to ______ in biodiversity
Increase
reduction
Which gas is released when peat bogs were destroyed?
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Fishing quotas and fish net size are two ways we can reduce the amount of fishing
