What are features of Bowlby's Theory of Attachment?
Monotropic Bonds
Caregiver sensitvity
Innate response
Conditioned stimulus
Sensitive period
Rewards
What are features of The Learning Theory of Attachment?
Operant conditioning- reinforces
Contact comfort
Classical conditioning- un/conditioned stimulus/response
Social releasers- eg laughing or crying
What is Robertson and Robertson's study of and what are the features?
Deprivation
Privation
Observation of John
Always had company
It was only over 9 days
It has been applied to real life situations such as mothers and their children in prisons
It has been applied to real life situations in schools.
What are the features of Harlow's monkeys?
Adult monkeys.
Wire and cloth covered
Exploration alone and accompanied
Ethical concerns?
Food is what forms attachment.
Features of the NICHD study
100 people from an area
1000 people from 10 areas
Full time day care= 5X as likely aggression.
Full time day care= 3X as likely aggression than part time
Low mother sensitivity can cause a child to do worse in day care
Assessed from 0-5 years.
Assessed from 5-10 years.
Features of the EPPE study .
Development from 3-7 years
3000 children
Day care quality can affect aggression
Mother sensitivity was observed in this study.
The longer the time spent in day care the LOWER the social behaviour rating.
Features of Clarke- Stewart (1994)
It was of 300 children.
It was observed from 150 children.
It said day care was a positive thing.
Found that day care lead to aggression
Found that day care lead to better social skills than those at home.
Features of Hodges and Tizard
The study was done in America
The study was done in the UK
It was of 65 children from ages 0-16
It was of 105 children over 5 years
70% "couldn't care deeply for others"
Those restored with their mothers reformed attachments.
All were quarrelsome, needed attention from adults and had little friends
All adopted/left
Most adopted/left
Features of Fox- Cultural Variations (1977)
It was in a Syrain Kibbutz
It was in an Israeli Kibbutz
They tested the strange situation on children
Upon reunion they reacted the same to the metapelets as they did the mothers.
The infants found greater comfort with the mothers.
This showed secondary attachments are not made.
In the study of Lorenz's Ducks, Lorenz was the first object the geese saw.
In Lorenz's study the geese followed him around because he had food.
In Lorenz's ducks the geese followed him around instinctively because it was good for survival and forming adult relationships.
What are the features of Pavlov's dogs?
1ST: proved US (food) -> UR (salivation)
1ST: rung a bell to make the dog bark.
2ND: realised the dog started to salivate on association with the lab assistant.
2ND: realised the dog started to salivate when it saw the food.
3RD: used a bell as a CS to increase salivation (CR)
3RD: used a bell as a CR to increase salivation CS
Pavlov's dogs was a study showing classical conditioning.
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg (1988) found what out from their meta-analysis of the strange situation?
Imposed etics
There are cross cultural differences
Attachment is formed universally.
Strange situation is the same everywhere
Japan is judged as a dependent country whereas Germany is the opposite.
What is the Primacy effect?
The first five words you process- rehearsed and transferred into LTM
The last 7 words you process - fresh into the STM
Why did the case study of Clive Wearing support the Multi- Store Memory model?
STM and LTM are separate
There is proof that STM is impaired but LTM is not- his wife
He was able to elaborate onto his STM and transfer into LTM
Interception meant he failed to retain his LTM
An evaluation of both WMM and MSMM is that "it is over-simplified".
Tick the correct definitions of the components from Working Memory Model:
Central executive is the boss and directs the information as well as helping with problem solving
The phonological loop is the part of working memory that deals with spoken and written material o Phonological StoreHolds information in speech-based form (i.e. spoken words) for 1-2 seconds. o Articulatory control process is used to rehearse and store verbal information from the phonological store.
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad stores and processes information in a visual or spatial form. It is used for navigation.
The Visuo-spatial sketchpad is used to process memories of numbers and letters.
The Central executive's only use is to store information
The episodic buffer helps us to understand information and is the only way that information can be held into the LTM
The episodic buffer is used as an extra storage cell.
Phonological loop is used only for auditory information and we can retain the information for up to 2 minutes.
In the SC Study only the phonological loop was damaged. This meant he could not do most of the learning activities but learning pairs of words.
What are methods of improving memory?
METHOD OF LOCI: associating familiar objects with certain pieces of information.
REHERSAL: Constantly repeating the information till it is stored in the LTM.
MIND MAP: Sub-headed information into smaller chunks. Pictures and colours also help with visual learning.
QUIZZES: Help to learn the information as you are aware of where you have gone wrong and where to improve.
CHUNKING: Memory is enhances- easier to maintain in STM. Can recall 5 words and 5 letters.
Sperling found the capacity of memory to be 0.7 seconds from his study where he showed participants a grid for 50 miliseconds.
Millers Magic number was 7+-2
Encoding features are:
ICONIC STORE: Visual Info
Echoic Store: auditory information
Spechatic store: information from speech
Haptic store: physical eg tough
Tangible store: physical
The three stages of EWT memory are:
Encoding, Retention and Retrieval
Concentrate, Encoding and Retrieval
Loftus and Palmer were the psychologists to primarily study into EWT and misleading information
Memon et al, Yarmey and Parka&Carranza were all concerned with age in eye witness testimony.
The own age bias can be explained through:
Similarly hypothesis- more contact with certain age group= more accurate memory for those individuals.
Differential experience hypothesis: More contact with certain age/ethnicity group= more accurate memory for those individuals.
The perceptual learning hypothesis: because we encounter members of our own age group regularly= better at processing their faces= better memory
The Perceptual learning hypothesis: because we perceive people in a certain way, those who are similar to us in terms of looks and personality= better memory for those certain people.
The Validity of something is the extent to which an experiment measures what it is set out to measure:
With individual differences as an experimental design there are order effects
Ethics may not be a major concern with the benefits outweigh the costs.
