PSYCH 317 - Chapter 9

A conduct problem refers to age-inapropriate actions and attitudes of a child that violates family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of another

Antisocial behaviours are more common in girls during childhood than in boys, but this difference decreases in adolescence. (p271)

Longitudinal studies have found aggressive acts to be highly stable (p.271)

The minimum age of criminal responsibility ranges from 7-14 years in most states and provinces. (p.272)

Every child who meets a legal definition of delinquency will also meet the definition for a mental disorder. (p.272)

The overt-covert dimension ranges from acts such as cruelty to animals or physical assault to arguing or irritability. (p.273)

Conduct problems are also referred to as disruptive behaviour disorders. (p.274)

ODD and CD are not collectively referred to as conduct disorders or disruptive behaviour disorders. (p274)

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined in the DSM-5 as children displaying an age-inappropriate recurrent pattern of stubborn, hostile, disobediant, and defiant behaviours. (p.275)

ODD usually appears by age 5.(p.275)

Some findings have found that symptoms of ODD can be grouped into 3 dimensions: negative affect, defiance, and hurtful behaviour. All 3 symptoms have been found to occur consistently with each other.

Conduct disorder (CD) is classified by a repetitive and persistent pattern of severely aggressive and anti-social acts that involve inflicting pain upon others or interfering with the rights of others through physical and verbal aggression, stealing, or vandalism. (p.276)

CD never co-occurs with any other disorders. (p.276)

The DSM-5 distinguishes between youths wirth an early or late onset of CD. Those with childhood-onset CD display AT LEAST 3 symptoms before age 10.

ODD and CD appear to be distinguishable diagnoses and not highly correlated. (p.278)

Persistent aggressive behaviour and CD in childhood may be a precursor of adult antisocial personality disorder (APD. (p. 278)

APD is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and the violation of rights of others

Children with a callous and unemotional (CU) interpersonal style may be at a higher risk for extreme antisocial and aggressive acts, and poor long term outcomes. (p.279)

The textbook argues that Bart Simpson displays symptoms for CD but not ODD. (p.279)

Children with conduct problems tend to score 8 points higher on IQ tests than their peers. (p.280)

The relationship between different cognitive/verbal deficits and antisocial behaviours may vary for specific types of antisocial behaviours. (p. 280)

Problems in school, such as underachievement, grade retention, special education placement, dropout, suspension, and expulsion are not often found in children with conduct problems. (p.281)

Conflict is especially high in children with conduct disorders and their siblings. (p.282)

Low self-esteem is believed to be a primary cause of conduct problems. (p.285)

Evidence shows that conduct problems in childhood are a risk factor for substance abuse in adolescence and adulthood, and is mediated by drug use and and delinquency in early and late adolescence. (p.285)

More than 50% of children with CD also have ADHD. (p.285)

Some evidence suggests that ODD better accounts for the connection between conduct problems and depression, and that this relationship is driven by the negative mood symptoms of ODD (rather than defiant symptoms in CD). (p.286)

All of the current evidence points to co-occurring anxiety to be a risk factor for later antisocial or aggressive behaviour. (p.286)

Gender disparity in conduct problems narrows through middle childhood, widens again in early adolescence, and then decreases during late adolescence. (p.287)

Early symptoms of CD in girls are often sexual misbehaviours. (p.287)

Conduct problems that are chronic through early childhood to adulthood have a male to female ratio of about 10:1.

Girls are less likely to use indirect forms of relational aggression (verbal insults, tattling, gossip, ostracism, etc) when angry. (p.288)