Stress buildup occurs before and after an EQ
An EQ is
easy to predict
occuring over a plane
a release of stress that has been building up
Stress builds up, is released as an EQ then plate...
rebounds to a new position and stress begins to accumulate again
rebounds to same position and stress begins to accumulate
does a jig. help me I'm twitching from coffee
hypocentre is focus depth
surface waves cause damage. There are two types:
Love waves
Rayleigh waves
Benioff-wadati waves
shear waves
p-waves
seismographs measure the movement of the frame relative to the movement of the weight
s-p time is time in between s and p waves
Distance from epicentre
is basically a p-wave or s-wave curve
increases s-p time
decreases s-p time
can be used to determine magnitude
where s-p waves intersect is the epicentre
Felt intensity is
amount of damage caused
magnitude of the EQ
elastic straining
breaks bonds of an atom, and causes an EQ
causes bonds to bend, eq releases tension
The richter scale is a logarithm of s-p times
an increase of one on the richter scale corresponds to an increase in magnitude
31x
2x
10^x
MS = log10(A) + 1.656log10(∆) + 1.818
A= angle
A=amplitude
theta=angle
theta=felt intensity
Moment magnitude is based on energy released and it depends on:
area of fault
constrictions of rock type
slip of the fault
type of fault
surface waves
solidus is the line of pressure vs temperature
it is the line of partial melt
it is the line of complete melt
it is the line where the rock is a solid
liquidus is the line of
pressure vs temp for when the minerals are completely melted
pressure vs depth when the minerals are completely melted
pressure vs temperature for when the minerals are partially melted
which is a felsic rock?
andesite
rhyolite
basalt
higher silica content
causes higher viscosity
causes lower melting point
is found in mafic rocks
is found in felsic rocks
when gas is present in lava
the more viscose the lava, the harder it is for the gas to escape, the more explosive the eruption
the lowering of the pressure causes bubbles to form, pushing the magma up
it evaporates due to the high temperature
it creates a hot pocket of gas in the belly of the volcano
ways to melt plates
plume heating
divergent boundaries(decompression)
convergent (hydration)
transform
normal
plumes rise from the __________________ because they're hotter
athenosphere
lithosphere
core-mantle boundary
mantle
effusive eruptions generally:
occur above hot spots
are composed of low viscocity magma
are basaltic
are felsic
are found at divergent boundaries
Pahoehoe lava
has a solid, cooled skin on the surface
is 1100-1200C
is very and is felsic
has low viscosity and is balsaltic
is 1000-1100C
A'a lava
is mafic
forms little solid chunks and then is broken up by the still liquid lava
could have been Pahoehoe
is felsic
is more liquid
when decompression occurs
there is reduced pressure, which allows the atoms to vibrate more
it is at divergent plate boundaries
the decrease in pressure causes the lava to fill the now empty space
if the magma moves up fast it can melt as it there is less and less pressure keeping the atoms confined
it produces large amounts of new lithosphere
it is generally mafic magma which then creates basalt
when hydration melting occurs
it is at convergent plate boundaries
the water in the plate causes the plate to melt at lower temperatures
the water at high pressures helps to break the Si-O bonds
the geotherm is moved to the left
the solidus is moved to the left
subduction zone volcanism depends on
hydration
the angle of subduction
the plate boundary
the core mantle boundary
mainly___________ and ___________ erupt at convergent boundaries
andesite and rhyolite
andesite and basalt
basalt and rhyolite
islands arcs are behind the trench
A monopole is known to be possible
are these right?
inclination is degree from horizontal, intensity, declination is angle from true north
inclination is intensity, declination is degree from horizontal
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the eart's magnetic field can't be driven by magnetic iron because
the high temperature's would surpass iron's curie temperature and it would lose it's magnetism
the temperature is too high
there is no magnetic field in the core to induce the atoms to align and create a magnetic field
a dynamo
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
is what powers the earth's core
is found in the solar flares
is what changes the solidus' slope
dynamo depends on
speed
conductivity of metal
size
area
temperature
thermal convection in the inner core is caused by
heat transfer from the inner core to the outer core
latent heat of formation from the inner core's expansion
heat caused by the dynamo
choose the right pairing
solar wind= charged particles from the sun magnetosphere= area in which charged particles are still affected by the earth's magnetic field magnetotail= part of magnetosphere that is pushed away by solar winds
solar wind=part of magnetosphere that is pushed away magnetosphere= charged particles from the sun magnetotail= area in which charged particles are still affected by the earth's magnetic field
northern lights are caused by:
ions that get excited when trapped in earth's magnetic field
the magnetosphere becoming more hot with global warming
release of energy from fission of new particles in magnetosphere
ionospheric fields are caused when charged particles' magnetic fields interact with the magnetic field 80-200 km above the earth
when the field strength reaches zero
there can be a polar reversal
things can stay the same
organisms are introduced to more radiation
centrifugal force keeps the international space station orbiting the earth by counteracting the normal force
gravity in the center of the earth is only dependent on the stuff directly beneath you because
there is more beneath you, but it's cancelled out by what's above
there's more mass above, but the mass below is heavier and cancels it out
the mass above is pulling up, which is cancelled out by the mass farther below, pulling down
apparent gravity is
the gravity that can be observed
the gravity at any point on earth
gravity is weaker by 0.05 at the equator because
the heat interferes with gravitational field lines
earth's oblong shape causes more centrifugal force to be at the equator, counteracting gravity to a small degree
there is more mass between earth's core and equator
isostasy means
the weight of the mountains is equal to the weight of the displaced mantle
that whatever is closest to earth's core will feel more gravity
that the more dense mountain condenses the mantle
depth at which mantle flow occurs is the
compensation depth
moho
focus depth
elevation is dependent on
height
density
composition
