NMS Semester 2 Set 1 Quiz - The brain, hearing, taste and olfaction.

Questão 1 de 41

1

What is a function of the frontal lobe?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Personality
Visual processing
Sensory analysis
Memory

Explicação

Questão 2 de 41

1

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Personality
Visual processing
Memory
Sensory analysis

Explicação

Questão 3 de 41

1

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Personality
Memory
Visual processing
Sensory analysis

Explicação

Questão 4 de 41

1

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Sensory analysis
Memory
Visual processing
Personality

Explicação

Questão 5 de 41

1

What is the function of the pyramidal decussation?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

It supplies motor fibres to the rest of the body
It connects the cerebellum to the rest of the CNS
It is part of the ventricular system that produces CSF

Explicação

Questão 6 de 41

1

The cerebellar penduncles are the linkage between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS

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VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 7 de 41

1

What structures are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

Explicação

Questão 8 de 41

1

What structures are supplied by the middle cerebral artery?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

Explicação

Questão 9 de 41

1

What structures are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

Explicação

Questão 10 de 41

1

99.9% of sound would be lost without the middle ear ossicles that convert air to fluid energy.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 11 de 41

1

Three tiny muscles attach to the middle ear ossicles to dampen the sound produced by your own body.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 12 de 41

1

The high surface area of the tympanic membrane gives it high sensitivity so small sounds can be detected.

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VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 13 de 41

1

What is the correct process in which sound is perceived?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Conduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
Conduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes repolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon repolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
Conduction of soundwave from oral window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.

Explicação

Questão 14 de 41

1

Which area of the cochlea/basilar membrane are receptive to high and low frequency sounds?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 15 de 41

1

Why are lower frequency sounds detected further along the length of the cochlea?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

The basilar membrane is narrow and stiff at the base and wide and floppy at the apex and therefore low energy sounds wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
The basilar membrane is wide and floppy at the base and narrow and stiff at the apex and therefore high energy sounds such as those that are low frequency wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
Low frequency sounds have higher energy and travel further along the basilar membrane. This causes deflection of the stereocilia further along the length of the cochlea and therefore detection of low frequency sounds.

Explicação

Questão 16 de 41

1

Are inner hair cells myelinated or unmyelinated? What is the benefit of this?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Myelinated
Unmyelinated
Conduction to the brain is faster
Conduction to the brain is slowed and has enough time to process the information

Explicação

Questão 17 de 41

1

What is the route of transmission of hearing to the brain?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex
Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Visual cortex
Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> lateral geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex

Explicação

Questão 18 de 41

1

How can the brain cause descending influence to dampen hearing?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Attenuation reflex (two tiny muscles)
Alter sensitivity of outer hair cells
Thicken the tympanic membrane
Contract the cochlear to reduce basilar membrane wobble

Explicação

Questão 19 de 41

1

What is conductive deafness?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Problem with the ossicles of the middle ear
Damaged hair cells that cannot perceive sound anymore
A problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex

Explicação

Questão 20 de 41

1

What is sensorineural deafness?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Problem with the ossicles of the middle ear
Damage to the hair cells
A problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex

Explicação

Questão 21 de 41

1

What is central deafness?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Problems with the ossicles in the middle ear
Damage to the hair cells
Problems with higher brain centres such as the auditory cortex

Explicação

Questão 22 de 41

1

A cochleal implant effectively emulates the basilar membrane. Low frequency sounds travel further along the implant wiring and high frequency sounds travel a shorter distance and this input can be directly linked to the auditory nerve to stimulate it.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 23 de 41

1

Taste cells are sensory neurons.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 24 de 41

1

Salt is detected via gated Na+ channels.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 25 de 41

1

Upon activation, sour detectors (PKD2L1 and PKD1L3) are depolarised and cause Ca2+ entry etc.

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VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 26 de 41

1

What tastes are detected by the activation of G-protein coupled receptors?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Salt
Sour
Umami
Bitter
Sweet

Explicação

Questão 27 de 41

1

What is the mechanism by which sweet, umami and bitter tastes are detected?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Receptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP

Explicação

Questão 28 de 41

1

Which taste receptor is constant for sweet and umami (NOT PRESENT IN BITTER!)?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

T1R3
T2R
T1R1
T1R2

Explicação

Questão 29 de 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for sweet?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

T1R2
T2R
T1R1
T1R3

Explicação

Questão 30 de 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for umami?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

T1R1
T1R2
T2R
T1R3

Explicação

Questão 31 de 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for bitter?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

T2R
T1R3
T1R2
T1R1

Explicação

Questão 32 de 41

1

Each taste cell can detect multiple types of taste.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 33 de 41

1

Where does taste information go to in the CNS?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Primary gustatory cortex
Pre-frontal gustatory cortex
Frontal cortex
Hippocampus

Explicação

Questão 34 de 41

1

Olfaction is more sensitive than taste.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 35 de 41

1

What is the mechanism of olfaction?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Odorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> beta subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> beta subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.

Explicação

Questão 36 de 41

1

Olfactory cells can only be stimulated by one type of odorant each.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 37 de 41

1

Olfactory cells of the same type converge into a common glomerulus where signals are then carried via the olfactory tract to the brain.

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VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 38 de 41

1

Olfactory cells are neurones

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VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 39 de 41

1

What three areas of the brain detect smell?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Pre-frontal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
Olfactory cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Explicação

Questão 40 de 41

1

Detection of specific odorants requires specific coordination of neurons in the brain which produces smell profiles.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 41 de 41

1

The brain never considers taste and smell when trying to fine tune the two senses.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

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