Which is the only amino acid class that is hydrophobic
acidic
non-polar
polar
basic
The reaction that forms when two amino acid monomers are liked together is a hydration reaction
In which stage of the protein structure does interactions between R-groups of amino acids occur ?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
Which one is the description for hydrophobic interactions in the protein structure ?
Non-polar R groups are mostly arranged to the inside of the protein. The Polar, acidic and basic R groups are mostly arranged on the outside
Very weak attractions between the electron clouds of atoms
The weak negative charge of the oxygen of the C=o is attracted to the weak positive charge on a hydrogen of an OH or NH2 group
The COOH and NH2 groups ionise to become COO- and NH3+. These groups are strongly charged and can attract each other
Covalent bonds form due to reactions between the Sulphur-containing R groups of cysteines
Choose two purines
Adenine
cytosine
uracil
guanine
thymine
The phosphodiester bonds link in the ......
3' to 5' direction
5' to 3' direction
2' to 6' direction
6' to 2' direction
which of the following describes the structure of cytosine
A purine base with a single-ring structure
A purine base with a double bond structure
A pyrimidine base with a single-ring structure
A pyrimidine base with a double ring structure
how many hydrogen bonds link together cytosine and guanine
2
4
3
1
What do you call proteins that are easily removed from membranes in the laboratory using ionic washes
lateral
integral
horizontal
peripheral
Attachment proteins are Proteins which provide cytoskeleton attachment points within the membrane for the structural support of the cell.
The covalent chemical bonds between nucleotides in DNA are
peptide
phosphodiester
glycosidic
hydrogen
Refer to the picture - which colour shows the phosphate group
orange
blue
green
purple
Why is cholesterol important in the membrane structure ? (could be more than one answer)
reduced membrane fluidity
allows diffusion across the membrane
used to maintain the structure of the membrane
prevents solidification of the membrane at low temperatures
prevents solidification of the membrane at high temperatures
What converts inactive trypsinogen in to active trypsin
kinase
phosphate
protease
glycogen
which one is true about a positive modulator (could be more than one answer)
It is also known as an activator
reduces the affinity of the enzyme
binds to a different allosteric site
increases the formation of all products
also known as an inhibitor
changes the shape of the enzyme
End product inhibition is when the end product binds to the substrate
end product inhibition is a form of .....
non- competitive inhibitor
the induced fit hypothesis
extracellular signalling
negative feedback
positive modulator
The actions of protease
Hydrolysis of peptide bonds break down proteins
Hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds to break down nucleic acids
Hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond in ATP to form ADP and phosphate
Condensation reaction to add to phosphate group to another molecule
the actions of kinases
Find the incorrect answer on enzymes
they are biological catalysts
lower the activation energy
speeds up the reaction
regulate half of the metabolic reactions in a cell
competitive inhibitors are non-specific so can be used with a range of enzymes
which of the following are correct about inhibitors reducing reaction rates
they can alter enzyme's shapes so it becomes inactive
they can resemble the substrate
they bind to another part of the enzyme
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