In the education system, who generally achieves more; middle class children or working class children?

Middle class children are how many times more likely than working class children to achieve 5 A*-C's at GCSE?

Middle class children are how many times more likely to go to University compared to working class children?

What are the two types of factors that can be used to explain these difference?

What is the difference between internal and external factors?

A pupils home background may play a part in causing differences in achievement. What 2 groups can home background be grouped into?

What is meant by 'culture'?

Through which process is this culture transmitted to the next generation?

Different social classes socialise their children different and this may affect their achievement. What name is given to the theory which states working class parents fail to socialise their children into the right culture needed for educational success?

According to cultural deprivation theorists, which three factors are responsible for working class underachievement?

Regarding intellectual stimulation, what may working class parents fail to provide for their children?

What does this mean they fail to develop?

What will this mean for them when they start school and why?

Who uses the idea of 'speech codes'?

According to Bernstien, which class uses the restricted code?

Which code is used by the middle class?

What are some characteristics of the restricted code?

What are some characteristics of the elaborate code?

Why does the use of speech codes in the education system disadvantage working class pupils?

What are the three aspects of working class subcultures that contribute to under-achievement, according to cultural deprivation theorists?

What is meant by immediate gratification and what is the opposite?

What is the belief of fatalism?

Who argues working class parents show less interest in their childrens education and give them less support? Give an example of how

Who argues the working class dont value education and don't believe they can benefit from at and what do they do as a result?

What are some criticisms of cultural deprivation theory?

What factors are included in material deprivation?

Why may poor housing affect someones achievement?

How may being homeless or living in temporary accomodation affect someones achievement?

How can a poor diet lead to underachievement?

How may a low income affect achievement?

What can not having the latest fashions lead to?

Who argues middle class pupils are more sucessful that working class pupils because they possess capital?

What type of theorist is Bourdieu?

What are the two types of capital the middle class possess, according to Bourdieu?

What is meant by economic capital?

What is meant by cultural capital?

What 'capital' do middle class parents use their economic and cultural capital to obtain the advantage their children in the education system?

What is meant by educational capital?

How does this redproduce the advantages of the middle class?

What are the 5 school (internal) factors associated with educational achievement?

What type of sociologists focus on small scale interactions between teachers and pupils and are responsible for identifying these factors?

What are labels?

In the education system, how are middle class pupils often labelled?

What does Becker argue?

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Through which process can teachers create self-fulfilling prophecies for pupils?

Studies have of labelling show that "what teachers _______, pupils ________"

How are working class pupils labelled and what does this means happens to them?

What is streaming?

How does it work?

Who describes streaming as 'differentiation' - separating the sheep from the goats and then educating them differenly?

Streaming can often create a self fulfilling prophecy. What evidence did Douglas find that supports this?

How may pupils in lower streams be denied access to the same curriculum?

What is meant by a 'subculture'?

Pupils may create their own subcultures in response to what?

What are the two main types of subculture?

Pupils in higher streams usually form which subculture?

What are 5 characteristics of a typical pro-school subculture?

Anti-school subcultures are typically formed by those in lower streams. Give some characteristics of an anti-school subculture

Lacey argues lower-stream pupils join or form their own antischool subcultures because school deprives them of a status by labelling them as failures. What does Lacey argue these pupils create of their own and what do they gain from it?

Like labelling, what do pupil subcultures often lead to?

What do some sociologists argue marketisation (an education policy) has increased the amount of in school which can affect achievement?

Give some examples of educational policies that can have an impact on home background factors such as material & cultural deprivation