What does nonverbal behavior communicate?
Relational messages
Status
assimilation
anxiety
deception
what are the 6 nonverbal codes
facial expressions
proxemics
semioticcs
seperation
eye contact
gestures
chronemics
silence
dialogue
define "semiotics"
analysis of the nature of & relationship between signs. Study of signs & symbols of communication & their meanings. Study of meaning in tattoos, ads, clothing's, etc. multiple meanings usually take place.
places that are defined by cultural practices- languages spoken, identities enacted, rituals performed, and often change with flux of people.
contact vs. non contact cultures.
What are cultural identities & cultural spaces?
home
neighborhood
regionalism
land
cars
town
Define "Postmodern cultural space"
places that are defined by cultural practices- languages spoken, identities enacted, rituals performed- and often change with flux of people.
when individuals or groups neither retain their cultural heritage nor maintain positive contacts with the other cultural groups.
define "migrant"
type of cultural adaption in which individuals maintain both their original culture & their daily interactions with other people
an individual who leaves the primary cultural context that they were raised in & moves to a new cultural context for an extended time (short or long term) and can be voluntary or involuntary
What is a sojourner?
someone who travels for a limited time & with a specific purpose
individuals or families that often voluntarily leave one country to live in another
What is an immigrant?
individuals/families that often voluntarily leave on country to live in another
Name the migrant-host relationships
separation
integration
marginalization
cultural hybridity
culture shock
assimilation is a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or her own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity
What is separation?
a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or her own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity
a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual retains his or her own original culture while interacting minimally with other groups.
type of cultural adaptation in which individuals maintain both their original culture & their daily interactions with other groups.
what is marginalization?
migrants & families who often combine the four different modes of relating to the host society depending on the issues.
what is integration?
a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or her own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity.
a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual retains his or her original culture while interacting minimally with other groups.
a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual maintains both their original culture & their daily interactions with other people.
What two components are apart of the transition model?
Flight approach
Fight approach
Run approach
Duck approach
The Flight approach is when an individual uses trial & error to coping with a new situation
The Flight approach is a strategy to cope with a new situation, being hesitant or withdrawn from the new environment.
What is "flex"?
a combination between flight approach and fight approach
when you show off your muscles
process of adaption through stress, adjustment & growth
The integrative model is the goal of effective intercultural communication through reducing of anxiety & seeking of information.
The integrative model is?
the process of adaption through stress, adjustment, and growth
the process of adaption through age, gender, and preparation
What is the "U" curve
best known as the "culture shock model". Feelings of excitement & anticipation to shock & disorientation to gradual adaptation
best known for the re-entry. This occurs when the individual returns home
Three parts to the "U" curve
excitement & adaption
laughter & tears
shock & disorientation
gradual adaptation
define culture shock
relatively short-term feeling of disorientation
feeling like you need to go home
experiencing a new country and hating it and judging everyone
What is the Anxiety & Uncertainty Management Model?
the goal of effective intercultural communication that can be reached by reducing anxiety & seeking information
the goal of finding others with shared interests and learning to speak their language and avoiding culture shock.
the goal of preparation and expectations when going to a new country. Younger people have an easier time adapting than older people, however older people have an easier time coming home
what is "individual influences on adaptation?
age, gender, preparation level and expectations when going to a new country. Younger people have an easier time adapting than older people, however older people have an easier time coming home
process of lessening uncertainty in adapting to a new culture by seeking information
state of being emotionally comfortable in a cultural context
What is Uncertainty Reduction?
identity based on two or more cultural frames of reference.
the process of being to anxious so you lessen your interactions
What are the two kinds of uncertainty?
predictive uncertainty
explanatory uncertainty
unexplanatory uncertainty
unpredictive uncertainty
Predictive uncertainty is a sense of uncertainty that stems from the inability to predict what someone will say or do
Explanatory uncertainty is in the process of cultural adaptation, uncertainty that stems from the inability to explain why people behave the way that they do.
What are the outcomes of adaptation?
psychological health
functional fitness
intercultural identity
ethnocentrism
gender roles
cultural values
Functional fitness is?
the ability to function in daily life in many different contexts
identity based on two or more cultural frames of reference
psychological health is?
what is intercultural identity?
What is the phenomenological model?
research approach that seeks in depth explanations of human experiences. In three steps- taking things for granted, making sense of new patterns, and coming to understanding new information.
some loss and some gain, through flight, fight, and flex
What are the 3 steps to the phenomenological model?
taking things for granted?
crying in a corner
making sense of new patterns
asking for forgiveness
coming to an understanding of new information
what is liminality?
sense of in-betweennes that develops as a result of frequent cultural border crossings.
experiencing being between 2 or more cultural positions
what is multicultural identity?
sense of in-betweenness that develops as a result of frequent cultural border crossings.
experiencing being between 2 or more cultural positions.
define "Folk Culture"
traditional & non mainstream cultural activities that are not financially driven
the popular activities that hold a social function
What are the 4 significant characteristics of popular culture?
it is produced by cultural industries
it differs from folk culture
it is only found on the radio
it is everywhere
it fills a social function
everywhere likes popular culture
What is Stuart Hall's encoding & decoding?
encoding is the process of creating a message for others to understand.
decoding is the process of interpreting a message.
encoding is done on a computer
decoding only happen when you interpret the right message
What is the notion of resisting?
members of any culture have diverse reactions to popular images, and it is important to asses for communication, culture, context, and power. You must know the historical contexts, and have critical views on the "rewriting" of past injustices.
You resist how new culture effects your life and you use popular images to asses culture and communication. You do not know historical contexts and you do not have a critical viewpoint.
Cultural imperialism is domination through the spread of cultural products
cultural imperialism is the domination through the spread of media
media imperialism is the domination or control through media.
What are the 6 intercultural relationship dialectics?
personal-contextual
interpersonal-contextual
differences-similarities
cultural- individual
priviledge-disadvantage
older-younger
static-dynamic
history/past-present/future
happy-sad
What are benefits of intercultural relationships?
acquire specific & general cultural knowledge beyond our local communities
breaking down & getting beyond stereotypes
acquire new skills sets (cooking, language)
get to have deeper conversations
What are challenges of intercultural relationships?
you are being racist
dealing with cultural differences
tendency to stereotype
you think you are better then them
depression
challenge to explain relationship to others
define "Guanxi"
chinese word for superficial
chinese term for relational network. "relationships of social connection built on shared identities such as native place, kinship, or attending the same school"
chinese terms for being involved with someone of a different culture that you met from school or work.
What are the layers of Lewin's Friendship Concentric Circle?
outerboundary- superficial information
middle circle- personal information
inner circle- very personal, private information
center- marriage and same culture
outercircle- very basic information
define "cognitive consistency"
having a logical connection between existing knowledge and a new stimulus
having an attraction that is the same throughout a certain number of years
individuals have similar traits to yours
what is the "similarity principle"
a relational attraction suggesting that individuals tend to be attracted to people they perceive to be similar to themselves.
What is the proximity principle?
individuals create interpersonal relationships based off who's close by.
creating relationships based off similarities
What are Romano's characteristics of challenges in international marriages?
eating and drinking habits
sleeping habits
attitudes regarding time usage
language issues
religion
place of residence
dealing with anxiety/ stress due to negotiating differences
social stigma/opposition
how to raise children
what are the 4 couple styles interaction to work out power balance in the intercultural relationship?
submission style
compromise style
obliteration style
consensus style
conflict style
opportunity style
what is the submission style ?
each gives up parts of their cultural habits. this seems fair, but both parties must be okay with what they give up.
the most common. one partner submits to the culture of the other- maybe different in public vs private
attempt to erase individual culture to make "new" culture. "Home" to neither, and is not good for long term
Compromise style is when each gives up parts of their cultural habits, but it is only fair when both are okay with what they give up.
The consensus style is the most desirable and is a negotiation and both parties are happy with overall changes.
define "conflict"
destructive and confrontational. both parties do not agree and there is no order.
involving a perceived or real incompatibility of goals, values, expectations, processes, or outcomes between two or more interdependent individuals or groups
values and expectations create havick and both parties leave feeling like they are now independent.
what are the 2 orientations of conflict?
opportunity
conflict as destructive
values
peace offered
steps of Opportunity conflict:
conflict is a normal useful process
conflict is not okay
all issues subject to change through negotiation
direct confrontation & conciliation are valued
direct confrontation & conciliation are not valued
conflict is a necessary renegotiation of an implied contract- redistribution of opportunity, release of tensions, renewal of relationships
what the steps to conflict as destructive:
conflict is a destructive disturbance of the peace
it is peaceful to have conflict
social system should not be adjusted to meet the needs of members, rather members should adapt to est. values.
confrontations leads to renewal
confrontations are destructive & ineffective
disputants should be disciplined
helps with negotiations
5 types of conflict:
affective conflict
conflict of interest
conflict of peace
value conflict
cognitive conflict
goal conflict
destructive conflict
opportunity conflict
affective conflict is conflict that differs on ideologies on special issues
affective conflict is:
incompatible emotions/ feelings
incongruent thought processes or perceptions
incompatible preference for course of action or plan to pursue
conflict of interest conflict:
incompatible preference for course of action or plan to pursue.
differ on ideologies on specific issues
disagree on preferred outcome or end state
goal conflict is a disagreement on preferred outcome or state
cognitive conflict is incongruent thought processes or perceptions
4 styles to approach conflict:
direct approach
indirect approach
emotional expressiveness approach
restraint approach
nonemotional approach
value approach
goal approach
what is the direct approach?
a view that the best way to deal with conflict is to use precise & specific language
a view that the best way to deal with a conflict is to use vague & non-specific language
a view that the best way to deal with conflict is by overt displays of feelings
what is restraint approach?
a view that the best way to deal with conflict is by hiding or suppressing feelings & emotions
Indirect approach is by using overt displays of feelings
4 styles to combining the approaches of conflict:
discussion style
engagement style
value style
liminality style
accommodating style
dynamic style
what is the discussion style?
combines direct & emotional expressive approaches
combines the indirect & emotional restrained approaches
combines direct & emotional restrained approaches
what is the engagement style?
combine the direct & emotional restrained approaches
combine direct & emotional expressive approaches
what is the accommodating style?
combines the indirect & emotional expressive approach
combines direct & emotional restrained approach
combines the indirect & emotional restrained approach
what is the dynamic style?
combines the direct & emotional expressive approach
7 suggestions for managing intercultural conflict:
stay centered, do not polarize
maintain contact
identify your preferred style
immediately shut down
be willing to forgive
do not be open for change
define "facework"
the most important dimension of intercultural communication competence
communication strategies used to "save" our own or someone else's "face" or public image
to ease in with an individual on how to cope with situations in which a great deal is unknown
4 individual components of intercultural communication competence:
motivation
knowledge
liminality
attitudes
peace
behaviors & skills
what is motivation?
perhaps the most important dimension of intercultural communication competence. the desire to make a commitment in relationships, to learn about the self & others, and to remain flexible.
as an individual component of intercultural communication competence, the quality of knowing about oneself (that is, one's strengths & weaknesses) other, & various aspects of communication.
tolerance of ambiguity, empathy, and nonjudgementalism.
what is knowledge?
tolerance for ambiguity, empath, nonjudgementalism
as an individual component of intercultural communication competence, the quality of knowing about oneself (that is, one's strengths & weaknesses) others, & various aspects of communication
3 parts to knowledge:
self-knowledge
other-knowledge
linguistic-knowledge
value-knowledge
facework-knowledge
what is the "platinum rule"
treat others how you would like to be treated
do unto others as they themselves would have done unto them
4 levels of intercultural competence:
interaction competence
unconscious incompetence
conscious incompetence
contextual competence
conscious competence
unconscious competence
Unconscious Competence is when one communicates without adapting their communication style & not thinking about why it may not be effective
Conscious incompetence is communication that goes smoothly but not a conscious process; analytic & holistic parts are functioning together, knowing when to "let go" & rely on your holistic cognitive processing; flow
Conscious incompetence is:
when one communicates without adapting their communication style & not thinking about why it may not be effective
when one is aware that interaction is not going well, but doesn't understand why
teach at the conscious, intentional level; analytical thinking & learning; reaching this level is necessary in becoming a competent communicator.
Conscious competence is the conscious, intentional level; analytical thinking & learning; reaching this level is necessary in becoming a competent communicator
unconscious competence is communication that goes smoothly but not a conscious process; analytic & holistic parts are functioning together; knowing when to "let go" & rely on your holistic cognitive processing; flow
how may contextual components of intercultural communication competence be constrained?
historical & political contexts
just political contexts
power positions within contexts
economic contexts
geographical contexts
How do you apply knowledge about intercultural communication?
entering into dialogue- "keep the cultural conversation going"
stop learning about different cultures altogether
becoming interpersonal allies- recognize power & privileges, impact of history & develop orientation of affirmation
building coalitions
start dating interculturally
social justice & transformations
forgiveness- promote this
transform
