All the chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules is ________.
anabolism
catabolism
metabolism
photosynthesis
A special instrument to determine how much energy a food contains is called a ________.
densitometer
barometer
kilometer
calorimeter
The process of making larger molecules from smaller ones is called ________.
The process of breaking down large, complex molecules is ________.
The primary metabolic by-product of alcohol oxidation is ________.
pyruvate
glycogen
glucose
acetyl CoA
A catabolic process by which a larger molecule is broken down by the addition of water is ________.
condensation
oxidation
hydrolysis
Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway ________.
that breaks down fats
that generates energy
that occurs in the nucleus
for synthesizing amino acids to form proteins
Glycolysis begins with ________ and ends with ________.
amino acids; hormones
pyruvate; glucose
glucose; pyruvic acid
glucose; glycogen
________ mediate metabolic reactions
Enzymes
Hormones
Fats
Carbohydrates
In the absence of ________ pyruvate is converted to ________.
energy; fatty acids
glucose; acetyl CoA
oxygen; lactic acid
glycogen; glucose
During metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The carbon dioxide is produced in ________.
the red blood cells
the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
the electron transport chain
glycolysis
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) occurs in the ________ of the cell.
membrane
adipose tissue
mitochondria
nucleus
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) reactions begin with ________.
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) activity decreases when ________ availability is limited.
oxygen
oxaloacetate
fatty acid
urea
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ________.
occurs in the cytosol
requires CO2
is irreversible
is an anaerobic reaction
An acetyl CoA molecule can be converted to ________.
fatty acids
lactic acid
The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the ________ of the cell.
cytosol
The breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the ________ of the cell.
________ shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria.
ATP
Carnitine
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Fatty acids have relatively few oxygen atoms compared with ________, which results in a greater ATP production.
The unique "side group" that remains after the amine group has been removed from a protein includes ________.
ammonia
a carbon skeleton
A highly toxic compound released during the deamination of amino acids is ________.
ketone
keto acid
The carbon skeleton of an amino acid can be converted to ________ to produce energy.
glycerol
Excess dietary protein is converted to ________.
muscle
triglycerides
After prolonged fasting, the brain adapts to using ________ to meet some of its fuel needs.
ketones
amino acids
Which alcohol metabolic pathway is utilized with high alcohol consumption?
alcohol dehydrogenase
aldehyde dehydrogenase
ADH
MEOS
Which micronutrients are classified as water- or fat-soluble?
trace minerals
major minerals
vitamins
all vitamins and minerals
Fat-soluble vitamins ________.
are not stored in the body
can become toxic with overconsumption
are not found in foods
are macronutrients
An inorganic micronutrient that is required in the amount of 200mg per day is a ________.
fat-soluble vitamin
major mineral
trace mineral
major vitamin
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed ________.
through the stomach lining
into the blood
poorly, so they must be consumed daily
into the lymph
Which of the following statements is correct?
We absorb 100% of heme iron.
We absorb about 3-5% of heme iron.
We absorb about 25% of heme iron.
Non-heme iron is the only type that is absorbed.
Which of the following statements about the absorption of minerals is FALSE?
Lactose increases the absorption of calcium.
Vitamin C increases the absorption of non-heme iron.
Dietary fat increases the absorption of vitamin A.
Oxalic acid increases the absorption of iron.
Research has suggested a link between adequate intakes of vitamin K and the prevention of ________.
osteoporosis
diabetes
heart disease
obesity
Research has suggested a link between adequate intakes of vitamin C and the prevention of ________.
the measles
cataracts
beriberi
Which of these statements is FALSE?
Calcium may protect against hypertension.
Magnesium may protect against sarcopenia.
Vitamin E may protect against obesity.
Vitamin D may protect against colon cancer.
Which statement is TRUE?
Taking supplements is the best way to assure adequate vitamin and mineral intakes.
Whole foods are more healthful than their individual nutrients.
All adults need the same amount of micronutrients.
Each micronutrient has only one role in the body.
This protein accelerates the rate of chemical reactions but is not used up or changed during these reactions and is called a(n) ________.
folate
enzyme
hormone
nucleic acid
A(n) ________ is activated when it is combined with a coenzyme.
cell membrane
The primary role of the B-vitamins is to ________.
provide energy
regulate blood glucose
act as coenzymes
reduce cholesterol
Some B-vitamins when taken in excess can be ________.
cleared by the kidney
toxic to the body
stored in the adipose tissue
excreted in the feces
Thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin work together in biochemical pathways that ________.
synthesize body tissues and lean body mass
promote proper nutrient digestion and absorption
release energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein
control fluid equilibrium and mineral balance
One of the first B-vitamin discovered was ________.
thiamin
niacin
pyridoxine
cobalamin
A deficiency of thiamin that affects the cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, and gastrointestinal system is called ________.
pellagra
scurvy
rickets
People with the greatest risk of thiamin and riboflavin deficiency are ________.
infants
adolescents
the elderly
pregnant women
The average American adult consumes ________ amounts of thiamin in their diets.
toxic
adequate
deficient
negligible
Riboflavin is destroyed when exposed to ________.
light
heat
moisture
air
Pellagra is a disease ________.
that results from severe niacin deficiency
caused by thiamin deficiency
caused by riboflavin deficiency
characterized by low levels of thyroid hormone
________ is critical for amino acid metabolism.
Riboflavin
Niacin
B6
B12
________ is a coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes.
Thiamin
Flushing of the face and skin can result from excess ________ supplementation.
riboflavin
B6 is important for the metabolism of ________.
cholesterol
homocysteine
energy
An essential component of coenzyme A (CoA) is ________.
biotin
choline
pantothenic acid
iodine
A protein in raw egg whites can bind to ________ and prevent its absorption.
A neurotransmitter that is involved in muscle movement and memory storage is ________.
acetylcholine
Although widely distributed in food, inadequate intake of ________ can lead to increased fat accumulation in the liver.
This B-vitamin is a component of carboxylase enzymes, which serve as carbon dioxide carriers.
A nutrient-dense source of thiamin is ________.
pork
white flour
vegetables
fats
To protect ________ from destruction by sunlight, milk and milk products are packaged in paper and opaque plastic cartons.
A component of thyroid hormones, ________ is added to salt to combat deficiency in the United States.
The UL for ________ was determined by measuring elevated blood concentration and neurotoxicity levels.
manganese
chromium
sulfur
Which of the following statements about vitamin B12 is TRUE?
It is required for carbohydrate metabolism.
Whole grains are a good source of this nutrient.
It is part of an antioxidant enzyme system.
It is essential for the functioning of the nervous system.
When cells engage in catabolism, chemical energy is released.
Glycolysis yields a net of four ATP that can be used as energy for the cell.
Liver synthesis of urea increases as dietary protein intake increases.
The conversion of dietary carbohydrate to body fat is less efficient than the conversion of dietary fat to body fat.
During prolonged starvation, serum levels of free fatty acids increase sharply.
Adenosine monophosphate ________.
can be regenerated by adding two phosphate groups to ATP
is produced when one phosphate group is released from ATP
has one high-energy phosphate bond
is composed of one molecule of adenosine bonded to one phosphate group
In which of the following types of chemical reactions is a compound catabolized by the addition of a molecule of water?
dehydration synthesis
phosphorylation
In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate produced through glycolysis is converted to ________.
lactate
NADH
Excessive ketones are produced when ________.
people follow a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet
acetyl CoA is converted to glucose
oxaloacetate availability falls and TCA cycle activity decreases
All of the above can prompt the production of excessive ketones.
Amino acids are unique from other energy-yielding compounds in that ________.
they cannot be converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
they contain nitrogen, which must be removed before the remaining compound can be used for energy
they contain ammonia, which the kidneys convert to urea and excrete from the body in urine
even when consumed to excess, they will not increase the synthesis of fatty acids
Of the approximately 160,000 kcal reserves in the body of a well-nourished 70-kg male, ________.
triglycerides account for about 50%, and glycogen and protein each about 25%
about 85% is from triglycerides, and most of the remaining 15% is from protein
triglycerides, glycogen, and protein each account for about 33%
about 75% is from triglycerides, and most of the remaining 25% is from glycogen
Most lipogenesis ________.
occurs when individuals consume an excess of glucogenic amino acids
occurs when acetyl CoA is converted into glycerol, which is in turn attached to fatty acid chains
occurs in liver cells
occurs in adipose cells
Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol are ________
coenzymes
cofactors
anabolic hormones
catabolic hormones
During short-term fasts, the body uses ________
muscle and liver glycogen for glucose for red blood cells, brain cells, and other body cells
glucogenic amino acids to synthesize glucose
glycerol from adipose tissue to synthesize ketone bodies
amino acids from the breakdown of body proteins for gluconeogenesis
