most popular data collection technique

collect data at 2 or more time periods

data collected at one point in time, across a population

cohort effect

pros and cons of cross sectional research

pros and cons of longitudinal research

research that uses quantitative terms to describe the degree to which variables are related

a comparison of the amount of variability between two variables

small r means what?

do you want small or large variance?

the correlation coefficient

r always falls within what range?

common variance shared between 2 variables

how much error you will take

what kind of studies use correlations to gain insight into factors for future studies?

what kinds of studies assess complex issues with a variety of factors using correlations (what variables are related to each other)?

what are the benefits of relationship studies?

what kind of studies have two variables that are highly related and can be used to make predictions (example?)

do prediction studies have IV and DVs?
are they scientific? measurement based?

what is the difference between experimental and causal-comparative research?

what kind of study has observation of differences between groups to see why conditions exist or why something happened? ...describes conditions which already exist?... attempts to determine causes?

what kind of research starts with the effect, then investigates the cause? (retrospective approach)

what are the limitations of C-C research?

how do you conduct C-C research?

how do you randomize the assignment of control and experimental groups in C-C research?

which kind of research tests hypotheses that concern cause and effect?

in the following hypothesis, what is the IV?DV? experimental group?
TINSD in the blood triglycerides of those consuming a low carbohydrate diet versus those who are not consuming a low carbohydrate diet

what are threats to experimental validity

internal validity vs. external validity

an event occurred which is not part of the study (ex: Sept 11)
threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

physical or mental changes of subjects (ex: puberty)
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

pretest sensitization - potential of a treatment's effect on subjects
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

invalid assessment tool
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

subjects selected on their extreme scores
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

loss of subjects
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

6 threats to internal validity - name 2

subjects respond differently d/t pretest given
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

same subjects get more than 1 treatment
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

differential selection of subjects
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

problems with subject selection, variable definition, instruments, etc
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

biases, personal impact, influence subjects' behavior, etc.
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

number of factors used to control the study
- threat to internal or external validity? what is it called?

6 threats to external validity - name 2

degree to which a test measures an intended area

2 kinds of content validity

does the test appear to do what it wishes

degree to which a test measures a desired observable trait

degree to which a test is related to another test

degree to which a test can predict how a subject will do in the future

7 types of validity - name 2

degree to which scores are consistent over time

two tests that are identical except the actual items included
(same structure, # of items, content is different)

make comparisons on two halves of a test
used to measure internal consistency, appropriate when a test is long

determines how all items on a test relate to all other items on the total test (Kuder-Richardson formula)

important for subjective questions and when more than one person is scoring the test

5 types of reliability - name 2

format considerations for questionnaire construction

problems with survey questions

condition that exists in quantitative research when 2 or more variables measure the same things

narrative and visual (non-numerical) data

research usually done over a period of time, with intensive data collection in a naturalistic setting, not trying to control, looks at bigger picture (feeling, beliefs, meanings)

T/F: Generalizability is not important in qualitative research

what kind of sampling is often used in qualitative research?

main data collection method for qualitative research

what are some things to consider when interviewing subjects for qualitative research

"How education changed through history" is an example topic for what kind of qualitative research?

what kind of research involves watching participants

non-participant observation - what is it? what are benefits?

participant-based observation - what is it? pros and cons?

research where participants are observed in their natural setting

research where participants role-play in a fake setting

study of how different humans experience the world around them; involves photos and written accounts about experiences and meanings attached

study of cultural patterns and perspectives in a natural setting... what is it called? what is the goal?

research that focuses on one unit; to study phenomena that are not easily studied by other research methods

goals in data analysis/interpretation of qualitative research?

degree to which observations accurately reflect what was observed

what method is used to ensure validity in qualitative research

multiple methods used to verify the truth of what is being observed