01. A learner produces a response, often without observable stimuli, that is maintained by reinforcement. This statement refers to...
A. Chomsky's notion of LAD
B. MacWhinney's Competition Model
C. Piaget's concept of formal operations
D. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning
02. Storing examples and drawing a rule that governs the specific instances is the principle of...
A deductive learning
B inductive learning
C explicit learning
D conscious learning
03. Which theory is based on the assumption that all human beings create their own vision of reality so that different, contarsting ways of describing the world are equally legitimate
A Constructivism
B Idealism
C Cognitivism
D Mentalism
04. Which theory of second language acquisition is based on the assumption that it is innately determined due to a genetic capacity available to all human beings?
A Behaviourism
B Emergenitism
C Connectionism
D Nativism
05. The stage which characterizes the course of intellectual development of a child of seven to elefen is described by Piaget (1972) as..
A sensorimotor
B preoperational
C concrete operational
D formal operational
06. The distance between a child's actual cognitive capacity and the level of potential development is described by Vygotsky (1987) as the..
A space of perceptual activity
B preoperational processing area
C restructuring continuum
D zone of proximal development
07. Selinker (1972) identified five major cognitive processes responsible for SLA, one of them is...
A approximation
B assimilation
C internalization
D overgeneralization
08. The learner's ability to make repairs and sustain communication through paraphrase or repetition is labeled by Canale and Swain (1980) as...
A communicative competence
B sociolinguistic competence
C discourse competence
D strategic competence
09. McLaughlin's (1987) Attention Processing Model refers to the two processing mechanisms:..
A analytic-holistic
B focal-peripheral
C controlled-automatic
D intentional-unintentional
10. The Competition Model of SLA (MacWhinney 1989) focuses primarily on the study of...
A functions of sentence constituents
B the deep/surface structure of the sentence
C levels of markedness of linguistic features
D types of linguistic universals in L2 acquisition
11. In her model of SLA Susan Gass (1997) distinguishes the two types of input:..
A modified-unmodified
B apperceived-comprehended
C impoverished-enriched
D stored-processed
12. Stages of L2 acquisition through which a learner passes in acquiring specific grammatical structures such as interrogatives or relative clauses are referred to as...
A order of development
B sequence of development
C developmental patterns
D restructuring continuum
13. Andersen (1980) claims that learners make the input confirm to their own view the L2 system. This process is described as...
A accommodation
B acculturation
C assimilation
D nativization
14. according to Slobin (1985) the processes involved in storing items noticed and processed into long-term memory are referred to as the processes of..
A integration
B orientation
C restructuring
D selection
15. Tomiin and Villa (1994) distinguishes the three types of attentional processes, they are...
A Alertness-Orientation-Detection
B Consciousness-Intention-Control
C Awareness-Attention-Perception
D Monitoring-Integration-Restructuring
16. The process of identifying how the input the learner is exposed to differs from the output he or she produces, is the main focus of study in
A Krashen's Monitor Model
B Robinson's Multiple Resource Model
C Schmidt's Noticing Hypothesis
D Van Pattern's Input Processing Theory
17. Interactionally modified input assists learners to notice linguistic forms in the input. The noticed form lie within the learner's 'processing capacity'. Those claims refer to..
A Krashen's (1981) input Hypothesis
B Swain's (1985) Output Hypothesis
C Long's (1983) Interaction Hypothesis
D Penemann's (1998) Processability Theory
18. Operating Principles, such as e.g. relevance, have been formulated to explain why certain linguistic forms appear in learner's production before others. They are the key concept of..
A the Acculturation Model
B the Discourse Model
C the Accommodation Model
D the Nativization Model
19. The Parallel Distributed Processing Model (Rumelhart and McClelland1986) differs from the majority of other models of language acquisition because it rejects the concept of...
A input and output
B declarative and procedural knowledge
C short and long-term memory
D information storage and processing
20. The length of children's utterances gradually increases and their knowledge of grammatical structures is built up in steps. This is the evidence of...
A language as a human-specific faculty
B the incremental nature of L1 acquisition
C the uniqueness of their utterances
D development of new language habits
21. Variability is a feature of performance and not of the learner's underlying system, e.g. competence. This view refers to which of the following approaches to SLA?
A linguistic
B psycholinguistic
C sociolinguistic
D neurolinguistic
22. The main sources of data in the UG-based studies of SLA is derivied from...
A the learner's language use
B metalinguistic judgements
C discourse analysis
D text analysis
23. UG-based studies of Principles and Parameters( e.g. Chomsky 1981) focus mainly on...
A the availability of UG in L2 acquisition
B the role of typological universals
C the order of acquisition of L2 forms
D the role of the linguistic context in SLA
24. According to the Government and Binding Model of SLA languages vary according to whether they forbid the deletion of subjevt pronouns. This parameter is called...
A NP-deletion
B redundancy
C pro-drop
D subjacency
25. Languages with null subjects like Polish (e.g. Lubię to) differ from English in terms of word order and expletives (e.g. dummy 'it' and 'there' in Eng). This means that they have
A free word order and expletives
B fixed word order and expletives
C free word order but not expletives
D fixed word order but not expletives
26. This model of SLA (Swartz and Sprouse 1996) assumes that the initial stage is the product of L1 transfer, however learners are able to restructure their initial grammar by selecting an alternative setting that is compatible with the L2 input from those available in UG. It is referred to as the...
A Minimal Trees Model
B Weak Transfer Model
C Full Transfer/Limited Access Model
D Full Transfer/ Full Access Model
27. R. Hawkins (1989) examined the acquisition of L2 French relativizers 'qui', 'que' and 'dont'. He claims on the basis of the NP Accessibility Hierarchy that the first structure to be acquired is..
A L'homme que Pierre connait...(The man who Peter knows..)
B L'homme que connait Pierre..(The man that Peter knows..)
C L'homme qui Pierre connait...( The man who knows Peter...)
D L'homme dont j'ai oubile le nom...(The man whose name I've forgotten)
28. According to Crookes (1989) the main factor influencing the learner's speech production is...
A short term memory
B varying attention to speech
C the speaker's attitude to the addressee
D pre-and post-articulation monitoring
29. Rote-learning and inductive language-learning ability are two components of the learner's...
A cognitive style
B foreign language aptitude
C language processing ability
D verbal intelligence
30. Words which are stressed on the second syllable, such as police or machine, are referred to as..
A accentuated features
B phonemic contrasts
C marked forms
D peripheral universals
31. Learners' utterances constructed by borrowing chunks from the preceding discourse and with the use of the learner's own resources ( A:'Come here!" - B: "No come here") are called...
A transitional constructions
B idiosyncratic patterns
C vertical structures
D formulaic scripts
32. Cummins (1979) introduced the two concepts of cognitive academic language proficiency and basic interpersonal communication skills. They both refer to the two ascpects of...
A learning style
B cognitive style
C language ability
D language processing
33. The process of using non-target forms that belong to an earlier stage of development on some occasion, even though the learner uses the correct forms on other occasions, is called...
A backsliding
B interference
C fluctuation
D scaffolding
34. Which of the statements about the silent period in language acquisition is true?
A It is obligatory in L1 and optional in L2
B It is optional in L1 and obligatory in L2
C It is obligatory both in L1 and L2
D It is optional in both L1 and L2
35. The neurological evidence is that as the human brain matures certain functions are assigned to the left or right hemisphere of the brain. This process is called...
A adaptation
B fossilization
C attrition
D lateralization
36. Information provided to a learner concerning the incorrectness of a form used is called...
A clarification request
B comprehensible input
C negative evidence
D output prompting
37. Which of the following statements concerning the role of speech planning time is NOT true?
A Planning leads to greater accuracy
B planning leads to greater lexical richness
C planning aids syntactic complexity
D planning aids fluency
38. Which of the following criteria would NOT be considered as a measure of speech complexity
A amount of subordination
B mean number of verb arguments
C type-token-ratio
D mean number of reformulations
39. One of the measures of temporal variables related to the phenomenon of speech planning is the number of syllables spoken per second, excluding pause time (Wiese 1984). It is called the...
A articulation rate
B complexity index
C fluency measurement
D speech rate
40. Categorical rules such as [X->Y/__A], where X is realized as Y in context A, were used by Labov (1972) to describe speech behaviour of native speakers of English known as...
A casual speech
B speech planning
C formal speech
D style shifting
41. According to the Speech Accomodation Theory ( Giles 1971), speakers adjust their normal speech to make it more similar to theur interlocutor's speech. This is referred to as speech..
A convergence
B divergence
C nativization
D pidginization
42. Tarone ( 1983) claims that learners use a range of styles in their L2 production. Which of the following styles is characterized by the highest percentage of the correct L2 forms?
A careful
B vernacular
C colloquial
D none of the above
43. According to O'Malley et al. (1985), using available information to guess meanings of new items, predict outcomes, or fill in missing information is a cognitive learning strategy of...
A deduction
B elaboration
C recombination
D inferencing
44. Utterances that rephrase the learner's incorrect utterance while still referring to its central meaning (NNS: 'En las mesa hay una taza rojo.' NS:'Um, una taza roja.') are described as...
A recasts
B reformulations
C repairs
D uptakes
45. Which of the statements about learning strategies is untrue? Strategies are...
A generally problem-oriented
B used mainly by less successful learners
C both observable and unobservable
D performed in L1 and L2
46. Structures such as *The boy slided across the ice are the example of...
A covert errors
B L1 transfer errors
C overt errors
D mistakes
47. Structures sych as *The dog ated the chicken are example of errors of...
A additions
B omissions
C misinformations
D misordering
48. Learners try to perform the right speech act but use the wrong linguistic form. This is a..
A semiotic error
B pragmalinguistic error
C morphosyntactic error
D sociopragmatic error
49. Which of the following factors does not influence ungrammatical foreigner talk modifications?
A the learner's level of proficiency in L2
B the learner's gender (m/f)
C The learner's assumed social status
D the type of conversation (e.g. formal/informal)
50. Formal instruction can only promote SLA if the learner's language is close to the point when the structure to be taught is acquired in the natural setting. This statement refers to...
A form-focused instruction
B the Teachability Hypothesis
C the Variability Hypothesis
D the Zero Option in FL teaching
