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set of moral and social codes of behavior and conduct
attempts to systematize, defend, and recommend concepts of right and wrong behavior
code where legal obligations are enforceable by the state's power without regard to an individual's conscience
penalties enforced by law when you break it
the pursuit of wisdom
code wherein moral obligation focuses on an individual's conscience or on society's opinion about behavior
when you break it, there is possible disapproval from segments of society
Why is ethics important in HC?
branch of ethical theory that considers the origin and meaning of ethical principles
set forth, principles that govern the moral and ethical conduct of all members of an organization
Describe the two branches of metaethics
What should an HCW consider when working with patients with a set of religious or ethical belief?
a branch of ethical theory that involves determining the standards that regulate right and wrong conduct
Branches of Normative Ethics
normative theory where character of a person as displayed by the virtues they possess
Also identifies virtues or character traits people should cultivate
Virtues that should be cultivated in the medical field
a normative ethical theory that believes that an action is morally right if the consequences of that actions are favorable
from where many ethical dilemmas of medine are framed
a person's obligation from the standpoint of morality
taken by physicians and pertains to the ethical practice of medicine
proper form of social interaction in a given culture or community
Medical etiquette
Why is healthcare in US an ethical issue?
signed into law by Pres. Obama on March 2010 making health insurance coverage mandatory and subsidizing or helping to pay for private insurance acquired by the poor
payment system endorsed by many physicians wherein HC costs are paid primarily by the government rather than multiple private insurers
How can an insurer-controlled healthcare system affect the decision of doctors/HCW?
it is a list of approved drugs from which doctors must prescribe to have insurance cover the pharmaceuticals
a practice of traveling to other countries for medical procedures because of lower costs
an epidemic that becomes very widespread and affects a whole region, continent, or the world
code that forbids performing medical experiments on humans without their consent
requires that patients give informed consent before the start of any medical treatment
takes autonomy away from the patients and gives it to the medical personnel or the govt. for society's benefit
Approved by FDA in 1996 permitting emergency research without patient consent under certain conditions
a non-profit organization operating the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) and organ allocation
established OPTN in 1984 in order to have a national system to address fair allocation of organ for transplant
an act that authorizes gifts of the body or any part of the body
allows surrogate decision-maker to attempt to establish what decision an incompetent patient would make if they were competent to do so
this case stated that children cannot participate in health-related studies with known hazards without prior judicial approval
caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus and was believed to originate from Africa; used to be called gay-related immune deficiency
What should an HCW/physician do when they discover that their patient is infected with HIV?
adopted in 2000 to increase the safety of needle use during treatment of patients with bloodborne pathogens
Examples of nonnatural conception
The difference of embryo adoption and embryo donation is
science that deals with "improving" hereditary qualities
encourages reproduction by those considered geneticaly superior
limits or discourages reproduction by those considered to be genetically inferior
A medical technique used to test fetal DNA in amniotic fluid, allowing physicians to identify genetic abnormalities from birtt
a couple will be allowed to proceed with a wrongful death suit against a fertility clinic that inadvertently discarded their fertilized egg
a state law regulating contraceptive use by married persons is an invasion of privacy (governmental intrusion
US SC made a landmark decision regarding abortion by applying the rights to privacy to abortion
when a fetus begins to move in utero
SC replaced trimester approach with undue burden;
before the fetus becomes viable, a woman's right to terminate the pregnancy is subject only to restrictions that don't place undue burden on the right to have abortion
after fetus becomes viable, state have a right to restric abortion with exceptions
approved by FDA in 2000 known as RU-486; used in nonsurgical or medical abortion
make causing the death of a fetus a crime separate and independent from any crime committed against the woman carrying a fetus
allow the estate of a stillborn child to sue for injuries inflicted on the fetus while in the womb if the fetus was viable at the time injuries were inflicted
a child born with a painful congenital deformity that was detectable but wasn't detected or disclosed while abortion was an option
parent's claim against a doctor for damages caused by the birth of a child that occur when a doctor fails to detect and disclose a child's birth defects in time to permit abortion
instructions people may give regarding their wishes concerning medical treatment in the event that they're unable to make those decisions
Advance Medical Directives examples
different from a DNR order, it expresses patient's wishes regarding are in the event of a terminal condition; needs to be extremely detailed
authorizes a person to make medical decisions for an incapacitated patient
in Cruzan v. Director, Missouri DOH case, the patient have the rights to reject medical treatment that could sustain life
- establish the right of patients to express their wish directly in an advanced medical directive
requires hospital that receive Medicare and Medicaid fund to provide written info to each patient concerning patient's right under state law to make decisions concerning medical care and formulate AMD
convicted of illegally administering a controlled substance without a license to practice medicine
when a patient takes action to terminate their life using means supplied by another person
ruled by the 14th Ammendment that it doesn't creat a fundamental right to assisted suicide; unconstitutional in Canada
"mercy killing"; when a person takes action that causes the death of another person to relieve suffering
illegal in US; practiced in Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Neatherlands in narrow circumstances
prevent efforts to resuscitate those who have exhibited signs of death; raises common ethical issue in medicine
person who is authorized to make decision for another person
