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pharmacology WHICH is: the science of drugs physical, chemical and effects a

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wallacejr@hotmail.co
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PHARMACOLOGY BLOCK 1- basic intropharmacokineticsThe way the body acts on the drug once it is administered. •Involves 4 processes: 1. Absorption 2.Distribution 3. Metabolism (biotransformation) 4. Excretiongeneral mechanism of drug action:pharmacodynamicspharmacogeneitics:•Very young: due to organ immaturity •Elderly: due to organ system degeneration: • Pregnant Women:due to physiological changes of the pregnant women’s bodyA DRUG IS:DRUGS ARE USED TO.A UNDESIRABLE EFFECT FROM THE DRUG. THIS MAY BE OVERDOSE /UNPREDICTABLE/ PREDICTABLE.Adverse effects or adverse drug reactions are physiological effects that are not related to the desireddrug effects. All drugs have adverse effects. THEY ARE RATED A B C D XA: augmented/ predictable or dose dependant- B: bizarre not predictable not dependant mild or severeand must be reported-C: continuous/ prolonged use-D: delayed Teratogen: Any agent that can disturbthe development of an embryo or fetus carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that isan agent directly involved in causing cancer- x: stay the heck away.therapeutic dosethe gap between response in 50% of population and undesired effecttherapeutic index IS:narrow monitoring is: the gap between therapeutic and toxic BUT REMEBR EACH PERSON HAS THERE OWNWINDOWPRESCRIPTION DRUGS:VERY YOUNG: Metabolism: liver takes 3 yrs to mature • Excretion: kidney takes 1 yr tomaturetolerance= decrease response. dependence= reliant to function/ physical or psychological. withdraw sudden withdraw of drugFIVE RIGHTS: DRUG, PERSON, TIME, ROUTE, DOSEThe study of a drugs effect on cellular physiology & biochemistry in the body and the drugsmechanism of action. ‘How the drug acts on the body’Mode of Action1. Binding to a Receptor Receptor is what a drug binds to, to cause a reaction or effect Agonists &Antagonists Agonists are drugs that bind to a receptor and produce a response in the cell. - Like acopy cat. Antagonists are drugs that bind to receptors but do not produce a response in the cell. Theyblock or stop what normally happens to the receptor.ADVERSE • Drug action can work too well e.g.insulin action can lead to hypoglycaemia • Drug not selective and binds to other types of receptors• Genetic2.Drugs can work by simple chemical reaction. - eg. Antacids .. Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 +2HCl MgCl2 + H2O.3. Physical Action • Drugs can act by a physical mechanism. e.g. Osmosis – Drugs that haveosmotic effects are osmotic diuretics and laxatives.Individual Variation •Age: Neonate/Elderly …. Metabolism •Body Weight and Composition: dosagesadapted to size of a person •Gender: different body composition; hormones; enzymes action•Tolerance: decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration•The ways in which many drugs are metabolised vary from person to person and can be geneticallydetermined. •In a small number of individuals variation in drug response is determined by amutation in a single gene and can have serious and potentially life threatening consequencesDrugs and Food Interactions HAPPEN WHEN Timing of Drug Administration: with/without Food •Ifdrugs absorption is decreased in presence of food then: administer on empty stomach •If drugsabsorption is increased in presence of food then: administer with meals Drug-Food Interactions •Mayhave an impact on drug absorption: e.g. tetracycline + milk ….. Tetracycline absorption •May have animpact on drug metabolism: e.g. grapefruit juice …… drug metabolism Drug-Food Interactions •Mayhave an impact on drug toxicity: e.g. MAOI + tyramine-containing food increase in BP •May have animpact on drug action: e.g. broccoli + warfarinDrug-Drug Interactions •Older Adult Bryant & Knights, 3rd Edition, 2011- Figure 9.2 Multiple conditions and polypharmacyHomeostatic mechanisms not working as well Pharmacokinetic changes •Kidney and liver •Body fat•Decreased gastric emptyingPregnancy and Drugs – Why? What are some instances when a woman might take drugs duringpregnancy?  Infection  Underlying condition: e.g. diabetes, epilepsy  Pregnancy relateddifficulties: e.g. Hypertension  Recreational drugs: e.g. alcohol, heroin•Drug taking duringpregnancy is a balance of benefits vs risks for both the pregnant woman and the growing foetus •Formost drugs there is a lack of reliable data on risks during pregnancy……TOLERANCE – DEPENDENCE-WITHDRAWALNAMEING A DRUGChemical Name ie chemical structure; : 7-chloro-1, 3-dihydro-1, 5-phenyl-2H-1, 4- benodiazepin-2-onebrand Name ie. viagera generic name/ prescribeing: Valium, Ducene Group Name ie class/actions/use: sedative, minor tranquilizer, anticonvulsant, benzodiazepineadverse reactions/ effects/ side effects=:Pharmacogenetics can be defined as the study of genetic variation in the body’s response to drugs.–due to factors involved in the processing of a drug (pharmacokinetics) – or factors involved in theway that a drug’s effects are mediated (pharmacodynamics).•The mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect on the body •Irrespective of the source of thedrug, the the drug will exert its effect in the same way: 1.Binding to a receptor 2.Chemical reaction3.Physical actionanything chemical that enters the body in anyway, and effects the body in some way and can besynthetic or naturalAuthorised-- nurse etc prescribes to a person. OTC: general public pharmacies supermarketsCaution with dosage and adverse drug reaction. pharmacy only and pharmacist onlyCURE: SHORT PERIOD; CONTROL: LONG TERM; ALLEVIATE: PAIN, FEVER HELP BUT NOT CUREvulnerables:Individual Variationtherapeutic window IS:the smallist amount that will get a change and the max that can be toleratedmargin of safety narrow or broadTOLERANCE– represents decreased response to a drug. This is seen clinically when a dose of a drug must beincreased to achieve the same effect. •DEPENDENCE – occurs when a patient needs a drug to “functionnormally”. There are two types of dependence: physical dependence and psychological dependence.•Physical dependence develops as a result of ongoing exposure to a drug and can be thought of asinvolving a type of tolerance. A good example here is when a person with cancer needs narcoticanalgesics to cope with the pain they will become physically dependent on having the analgesic tofunction normally. Psychological dependence is when in your mind you say to yourself “I need thatdrug to carry on”. A good example here is every morning I just have to have my cup of coffee!! WITHDRAWALl – occurs when a drug is no longer administered to a dependent patient.Drugs and Food InteractionsPotentiation: a) increase therapeutic effect e.g. Augmentin b) increase adverse effects e.g. aspirin +warfarin •Inhibition: a) decrease therapeutic effect e.g. propranolol + terbutaline b) decrease adverseeffects e.g. morphine + narcan •Different Drug Response Drug-Drug Interactions •the greater numberof different drugs a person is taking the greater the risk of a detrimental interaction •especiallyimportant for drugs with narrow therapeutic window Why???is how the drug effects body regardless of form in comes inClique duas vezes aqui para editar o textoClique e arraste este botão para criar um novo tópico