What is true about sarcomeres?
Extend from M to M line
The major protein of Z line sarcomeres is myosin
ContainsZline+1⁄2 Iband+Aband+1⁄2Iband+Zline
The major protein of the Z line of sacromere is creatines kinase
What is true about skeletal muscle?
T-tubuls are absent
Caveolas and gap junctions can be occasionally present
Actin-myosin binding is triggered by interaction of Ca2+ with troponin subunit C
Concentration triggered at motor end plate
Formed by structures called fibers
Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by muscle neurons
What is true about perimysium?
It does not contain any blood vessels
It surrounds every single muscle fiber
It surrounds the whole muscle
It contains blood vessels
It surrounds a bundle of fibers
Which statement about skeletal muscle are correct?
Regeneration of skeletal muscles directly depends on amount of calcium ions
There are no sarcomeres in fibers
Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by motor neurons
Are formed by structures called fibers
Which pair is correctly paired?
Simple cuboidal – lining ducts of most glands
Transitional – urinary bladder
Simple squamous – epidermis of skin
Which statement regarding nodal cilia is true?
Are associated with gastrulation
Are found in the embryo
Are arranged into 9 + 10 pattern
Are associated with rotational movement
In which type of junction occluding and claudin are characteristic and prominent?
These proteins are not associated with cell junctions
Nexus
Zonal occludens
Zonula adherens
What is true about mesenchyme?
Is called 4th germ layer
Is located between the mesenchyme and endoderm
Is located in mesoderm
Is one of three germ layers
Is located between the ectoderm and endoderm
Is derived from mesoderm
What is true about mesoderm?
Is one of the three germ layers
Is derived from mesenchyme
Appears only during the prenatal life
Is located above the ectoderm
What is true about so somitogenesis?
It happens before the initiation of neurolation
This is the process of segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm
Is regulated by the so-called segmentation and wave model
It occurs after the intitation of neurulation
It starts at the beginning of the 3rd week of prenatal life
It begins at the beginning of the 3rd month of prenatal life
Which statement regarding apical surface`s modification is correct?
Tight junction
Glycocalix
Goblet cell
Villus
Which of GAGs is/are characteristic for cartilage?
Keratin sulfate
Osteonectin
Hyaluronic acid
Dermatologist sulfate
What is true sclerotome?
Contains only epithelial like cells
Is derived from ventro-medial somite cells
Scelerotome gives rise to mesoderm
Contains secondary mesenchyme cells
What is true about somites?
They are blocks (segment) of the paraxial mesoderm
They are symmetrical structures
They are blocks (segment) of the lateral mesoderm
They are blocks (segment) of the visceral mesoderm
Which sentence/sentences is/are true?
Osteoclasts possess of the receptor for calcitonin
Inner fibrous layer of perichondrium contains chondrogenic cells
The precursors of osteoclasts are monocytes
Outer fibrous layer of perichondrium contains chondrogenic cells
Which feature regarding hyaline cartilage is correct?
Chondrocytes are grouped in isogenic groups
It is covered by perichondrium
Perichondrium is composed of two layers
Hyaline cartilage is highly vascularized
Which of the statements about woven bone is/are true?
Physiologically can be found in compact mature bone
Can be found in insertions of some tendon
In adult present in place of fracture repair
Possess lamellae
Which of the phrase/phrases concerning the perichondrium is/are true?
Is formed by collagen type II
Is responsible for appositional growth of cartilage
Acts protective for cartilage
Contains Sharpey fibers
Which cells of connective tissue promote the allergenic reactions?
Fibrocytes
Histiocytes
Fat cells
Mast cells
Which statement regarding connective tissue (CT) proper is true?
Is divided into loose and dense CTs
Collagen contains unusual amino acids desmosine and indodesmosine
Chondroblasts are main population of cells in the tissue
Transient cells of connective tissue are e.g fibroblasts
Which statement regarding adipose tissue is true?
There are two types, white uniocular and brown multilocular
Multiocular is rich in the human adult
Leptin is secretory product of white adipocytes
Brown adipose tissue changes into yellow one
What is the characteristic function of mast cells?
The surface contain receptor for IgE
Influence permeability of blood vessels
Participate in process of wound healing
Storing of chemical mediators in granules
What type of tissue is a tendon?
Mucus tissue
Dense irregular tissue
Dense regular elastic tissue
Loose connective tissue
Dense regular collagenous tissue
Which statement about holocrine glands is true?
Its example is sebaceous gland
The cells are often surrounded by myoepithelial cells
It’s example is mammary gland
The product of the cell is released with its apical part
Which of the sentence/s about cartilage is/are true?
Is avascular (without blood vessels) tissue
Ventral ends of the ribs are formed by hyaline cartilage
Ventral ends of the ribs are formed by fibrocartilage
Chondrogenic cells are the stem cells for chondroblasts
Epiphyseal plates are the hyaline cartilage structures needed for long bones growth
Hyaline cartilage form the temporal skeleton
Is well vascularized
Is it true that osteogenesis?
Is the bone development process
During intramembranous ossification the epiphyseal cartilages are formed
It could be said that bony collar formation is a kind of intramembranous ossification
Could happen thanks intramembranous ossification
Which sentence/s is/are true?
Haversian Canal is located in the periphery of the osteon
Which of the phrase/s concerning osteoclasts are true?
Arises from monocytes
Produces cathepsin K
Pumping protons into resorption cavity of bone
Its projections form ruffled border
To its differentiation need RANKI
Fibroblasts can be differentiated into histiocytes
Cells of embryonic mesenchymal CT produce type I collagen fibers
Their histamine acts as an anticoagulant
Synthesis of IgE
They can produce elastic fibers
The surface contains receptors for IgE
Storing chemical mediators in granules
Which features are characteristic for multilocular adipose tissue?
In humans the tissue is important mainly in the first postnatal life
In human newborn the multilocular adipose tissue constitutes 50% of the body weight
One, large lipid droplet
Many, lipid droplets
Which type of tissue is tendon?
Tissue that consists of collagen type 1
Mucous tissue
Which statement regarding synthesis of collagen fibers are correct?
Hydroxylation of proline and lysine is within extracellular environment
Glycosylation of hydroxylysine is within extracellular environment
Procollagen is precursor for tropocollagen
Hydroxylation of proline and lysine is within intracellular environment
Co-factors; O2, Fe, vit. C are needed for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine
They develop from the cranial towards the caudal region
They are blocks (segments) of the paraxial mesoderm
None of them disappear
They appear between the 20th and 35th day of prenatal life
What is true about the dermatome?
Is a structure located closer to the ectoderm in developing embryo
It will soon contribute to the development of the skeletal muscles
Dermatome progenitors together with cells from the lateral mesoderm will form an epidermis
Dermatome cells are differentiated from dermomyotome
Is the structure located closer to the neural tube in embryo
Dermatome progenitors together with cells from the lateral mesoderm will form a dermis
Dermatome cells are differentiated from myotome
Contains Z line + 1/2 I band + A band + ½ I band + Z line
Are typical for smooth muscle
In smooth muscle sarcomeres are arranged in myofibrils
Are present only in smooth muscles
Which statements about skeletal muscles are correct?
Skeletal muscles contain diads
Sarcomeres is a segment of myofibril between two Z lines.
Dark stained band is called the I band
Phosphorylation of MLCK is responsible for binding actin and myosin
T-tubules are present in the center of the triads
T-tubules are absent
What is true about the dermamyotome?
It is a ventro-medial part of the somite
Is also called lateral mesoderm
It is a dorsolateral part of the somite
Its cells can’t migrate
What is true about skeletal muscle contraction?
During the skeletal muscles contraction sarkomeres retain their original length
During the skeletal muscles contraction energy is released from ATP
During the skeletal muscles contraction calcium ions bind to the calmodulin
To trigger a muscle contraction, calcium has to bind to myosin in smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
Which statement regarding glands is correct?
Goblet cell is a unicellular gland
Holocrine is sebaceous gland
Salivary glands are always seromucous
Exocrine derive from the epithelium
Which features are typical for epithelium/epithelial cells?
Location on the basement membrane/basal lamina
No possibility to regeneration
Polarity
Vascularization
Which statement about holocrine secretion is true?
It is also called merocrine secretion
It is characteristic for the sebaceous glands
It consists in turning the entire cell into secretion and its excretion
It is characteristic for the salivary gland
Which of cells are located in connective tissue do originate from the bone marrow?
Adipocytes
Which cells can produce extracellular matrix?
Lymphoblasts
Fibroblasts
Which intercellular junctions are included to anchoring (adherens) junctions?
Adherens junction
Desmosome
Hemidesmosome
Occludens
Which statement regarding hemidesmosomes is correct?
Integrins
Intermediate filaments
Bind epithelial cells to basal lamina
What is Volkmann canal?
It is located in lacunae
It connects two Haversian canals
It is located in the center of osteon
It connects canaliculi with osteocytes
Is it true that the bone?
osteoblasts are polarized cells
ECM is high mineralized
Osteoblast liberate osteoclasts activating protein (OPG), RANKL and M-CSF
Periosteum is similarly built as endosteum
Osteoblast control metabolism of osteoclast
Osteoblast control the number of osteoclast
Ruffled border of osteoclast is situated at the resorption cavity of bone
The metabolism is under hormonal control
Water constitutes up to 80% of the weight of fresh tissue
Which pair: Cell of the mononuclear phagocyte system - location is correct?
blood – monocyte
liver - kupffer cell
brain - kupffer cell
spleen - kupffer cell
Which feature is characteristic for elaunin fibers?
Around sweat glands
In dermis
Between fibrillin microfibrils
Which cells of the connective tissue are classificated as residental cells?
Mesenchymal cells
Adult stem cells
Fixed macrophages
What is true about the somitomers?
Appear around 3rd week of perinatal life
Are located on one side along the neural tube
Somitomeres are involved in the segmentation of the neutral plaque, the production of neuromeres
Are located below the occipital region of the head
Consists of mesodermal cells, arranged in concentric coils around their own center
What is true about endomysium?
Surrounds the whole muscle
Is located between perimysium and epimysium
Is delicate, reticular connective tissue.
Large, major nerves supply this sheath
Surround the external lamina of individual muscle fibers
Surrounds the entire muscle
Capilarries form a rich network within the endomysium
What is true about troponin?
Is a complex of 3 subunits
Is attached to tropomyosin
Troponin C can bind calcium ions
Is the main component of the Z line of sarcomere
Is attached to Z line
What is true about the cardiac muscle (CM)?
Contraction is triggered at nodes of conducting fibers
Nuclei are centrally located
Contraction is triggered at motor end plate
Fibers are aligned in branching arrangements
Which pairs are correct (cells/structures and their location)?
Caveolae - Smooth muscle
Intercalated discs - cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle cells - muscularis externa of small intestines
Two terminal cisterns per sarcomere with T-tubule - skeletal muscle
Which statement regarding transitional epithelium is true?
Is simple columnar epithelium
Is not located on a basal lamina
Changes its form according to the degree of distention
Is present in urinary bladder
Is stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelium
Is located on basal lamina
Umbrella cells are dedicated to protect other cells against hypertonic urine
Is also called urothelium
In some areas of the umbrella cells special protective protein called uroplakin is present
Superficial cells may be binucleated
Is covering minor and major calyces
Its dome-shaped umbrella cells can change morphology to become flattened
Includes basal cells, intermediate cells with one to several layers of cells and superficial umbrella cells
Which statement regarding primary cilia is true?
Are associated with passive movement
are associated with active movement
Are arranged into 9+0 pattern
Are arranged into 9+2 pattern
Are only found in the embryo
Which proteins form desmosomes?
Cadherins
Desmogleins
Desmocollins
Armadillo
Plakophilins
Plakoglobin
Desmoplakin
What is true about the dermomyotome?
Is so called lateral mesoderm
Is so called paraxial mesoderm
Will differentiate into a myotome and dermatome
It’s created after separation of myotome and dermatome
Its cells can migrate
Which connection: cells - place of presence, is correct?
Astrocytes - peripheral nervous system
Ependymocytes - central nervous system
Ependymocytes - peripheral nervous system
Ependymocytes - central canal
Which statement regarding ganglia is true?
Multipolar neurons are present in autonomic ganglia
Are composed of both - perikaryons and nerve fibers
Sensory ganglia are surrounded by connective tissue capsule
Multipolar neurons are present in sensory ganglia
Is it true that tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)?
In other words, it is respiratory distress syndrom (RDS)
Is often accompanied by esophageal atresia (EA)
Is result of incomplete separation of foregut into the digestive and respiratory system
In other words, it is hyaline membrane disease
Which statement about lung development is correct?
Primary bronchi buds appear at the beginning of the 5th week of prenatal development
Some of the bronchial tree branching are made after birth
Cranial lung’s lobes develop earlier/faster than caudal
Which statement about the development stages of the respiratory system is true?
Canalicular stage in the first stage
Primary septa are thicker than secondary alveolar septa
The respiration of featus is possible during pseudoglandular stage
Alveolar stage is finished during the first years of postnatal life
Does conducting portion of respiratory system inculde?
Respiratory
Alveoli
Trachea
Nasal cavities
Which answer/s regarding the respiratory system is/are true?
Respiratory epithelium contains ciliated cells
Nasal cavity is part of respiratory portion
Includes system of tubes that link the site of gas exchanging with external environment
Includes paired lung
Does respiratory portion of respiratory system include?:
Olfactory epithelium
Oral cavity
Alveolar ducts
Respiratory bronchioles
Which organs of the lymphatic system are capsulated (covered by capsule)?
Bone marrow
BALT
Spleen
Thymus
Which statement regarding adaptive immunity is true?
Includes antigen-presenting cells
Its response is very rapid
One of its example is low pH of gastric juice
It includes action of B lymphocytes
Which statement regarding adaptive immunity is correct?
Is evolutionarily older than aquired immunity
Is because of phagocytic activity of neutrophils
Is because of clonal expansion of B cells
Includes action of B lymphocytes
When does the spleen begin to develop?
At the end of 5th month of prenatal life
At the end of 3rd week of prenatal life
At the end of 7th week of prenatal life
At the end of 5th week of prenatal life
What is the main origin of lymph node?
Neuroectoderm
Mesenchyme
Endoderm
Mesoderm
From which pouch a thymus arises?
5th pouch
2nd pouch
Ventral wing of 3rd pouch
Dorsal wing of 4th pouch
Which of the following statements about maturation of granulocytes is/are true?
Stages of granulocyte maturation in proper order: promyelocyte & myeloblast & myelocyte & metamyelocyte
Involves ejecting of the nucleus
Stages of granulocyte maturation in proper order: myeloblast & promyelocyte & metamyelocyte & myelocyte
Involves changing of the shape of the nucleus
Which stage is the first stage of nondividing cells during erythropoiesis?
CFU-GEMM
Erythrocyte
Ortochromatophilic erythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast
What is true about hematopoietic stem cells?
Are able to response for a growth factors stimulation
Their morphology is similar to lymphocytes
They have typical morphological features
All blood cells are derived from one hematopoietic stem cell
Which molecules are permissive for neural crest cells migration?
Molecules present in basal laminae
Ephrin B1
Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans
Laminin
What is true about the cranial neural crest?
They leave the future brain after the closure of the neural folds
they migrate toward the gut
They differentiate into cells and tissues that constitute much of soft and hard tissues of the face
They leave the future brain well before closure of the neural crest.
What is true about neural crest?
The neural crest originates from cells located along the lateral margins of the neural palate
neural crest cells arise as the result of an inductive action by non-neural ectoderm
neural crest cells arise as the result of an inductive action by neuroectoderm
the neural crest originates from the mesoderm
Which statement regarding impulse conducting system of the heart is correct?
Atrioventricular node is its part
It is involved in controlling of the contraction of the myocardium
subendocardial conducting network is part of it
Atrioventricular bundle (of His) is its part
Which statement regarding discontinuous capillaries is true?
They have many tight, occludin junctions between endothelial cells
They have large fenestrations within basal lamina
They are found in the muscles
They are characteristic for bone marrow
Which statement regarding endothelium is correct?
It is simple squamous epithelium
There is no endothelium in wall of veins
it can be found in the intima of artery
Endothelial cells are metabolic active cells
Which statement(s) regarding the leukocytes is correct?
Basophils have biconcave shape
Monocytes differentiate into macrophages
Basophils have kidney-shaped nucleus
Monocytes contain azurophilic granules
Which of the following statements about erythrocytes is/are true?
Can leave the blood vessels by Diapedesis
Are called red blood cells
Their shape is maintained by a special cytoskeleton
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which is true about the bone marrow?
Red bone marrow is not hematogenous
In adult hemopoiesis takes place in red bone marrow
Great number of adipose cells are present in yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow is present in flat bones and vertebrae
Which statement regarding skin is correct?
Keratinocytes are main population of dermis
SALT system includes keratinocytes, T lymphocytes and Langerhans cells
Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands release its secretion by a merocrine process
Keratinocytes are main population of hypodermis
In which layer of the epidermis desmosomes are present in the highest number?
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
In stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum
There are no desmosomes in epidermis
Which gland releases its secretion by holocrine way?
Liver
Sebaceous gland
Salivary gland
Gall bladder
