Permanent tissues (cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and nerves) cannot undergo hyperplasia, as they do not have stem cells
Metaplasia is an adaptive change from one ___________________________ cell type to ________________________________-
differentiated
another differentiated cell type
Dysplasia is recognized by the alteration in the ___________________________ of cells and is still ______________________
size, shape and arangement
reversible
All of the following are key drivers of cell injury except?
Loss of ATP
Increase in cytoplasmic calcium
decrease in cytoplasmic calcium
Generation of Reactive oxygen species
All of the following are conditions where there is hypoxia without ischemia
High altitude
decreased ventilation
decreased Oxygen transfer (ex. emphysema)
Polycythemia
CO poisoning
Loss of ATP in cell injury leads to all of the following except
Impairs oxidative phosphorylation
Loss of function of Na/K ATPase pump
Calcium influx thereby increasing intracytoplasmic calcium
Increase in pH causing clumping of chromatin
decreased protein synthesis due to ribosomal dysfunction and swelling
All of the following result due to increased cytoplasmic calcium in cell injury except?
Increased calcium activates phospholipase, protease, endonuclease and ATPase etc
It also activates mitochondrial permeability transition pore which results in loss of membrane potential of mitochondria further limiting oxidative phosphorylation
Lipid peroxidation and membrane damage
None of the above
All of the following about ROS is correct except
Most potent ROS is O2-
H2O2 can act distant from site of production and is the intermediary of hydroxyl radical
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) damages lipids proteins and DNA
Which of the following are the morphological changes that are seen in REVERSIBLE cell injury?
Cell swelling
Cytoplasmic eosinophilia
Plasma membrane blebbing
Chromatin clumping and redistribution due to decreased pH
All of the above
The morphologic hallmark of cell death (irreversible cell injury) is loss of nucleus
Coagulative necrosis in which tissue becomes a dry, opaque, eosinophilic mass containing the outlines of anucleated cells, resulting from the denaturation of proteins following hypoxia - is seen in all tissues except brain
Pancreatitis exhibits 2 forms of necrosis they are 1____________________ and 2____________________________
Liquefactive
Fat
Caseous necrosis usually caused by mycobacterial or fungal infections
The difference between dry and wet gangrene is that dry gangrene is associated with infection whereas the wet gangrene is not
Resumption of blood supply and oxygenation to ischemic tissue may lead to further injury and tissue destruction
Necrosis happens to a group of cells which leads to inflammation whereas apoptosis affects single cells marked by shrinkage of the cell, condensation of chromatin, formation of cytoplasmic blebs and fragmentation of the cell into membrane bound apoptotic bodies that are eliminated by phagocytosis
Regarding apoptosis
Anti apoptotic proteins are BCL-2,BCL-XR, MCL1 - keep the Mitochondrial outer membrane impermeable by preventing the leakage of cytochrome c and other death-inducing proteins into the cytosol
Pro-apoptotic BAX and BAK upon activation oligomerizes within the outer mitochondrial protein and promote mitochondrial permeability by forming a channel in the outer membrane that allows leakage of cytochrome c from the intermembranous space
apoptosis is mediated by caspases - intrinsicpathway by inactivation of BCL-2
Extrinsic pathway via FasL-Fas death receptors
All of the above are true
1,2 and 4 are true
3,4 are true
Atrophy is a result of decrease in stress which results in decrease in size and or volume of cell mass
