BIOL1020 Flash Cards

Where can you find DNA?

Describe Chromosomes

Components of prokaryotic cells

What are the key features of eukaryotic cells?

Draw a Eukaryotic Animal Cell

Draw Eukaryotic Plant Cell

Describe a phospholipid bilayer

What is microvillus

What is the job of the plasma membrane?

What is cytoplasm?

Nucleus

Chromosomes

Chromatin

Ribosomes

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies

Endomembrane system in Eukaryotic Cells

Define a Gene

Define an Allele

What is a Loci?

What is a genotype?

What is a phenotype?

Define Genomics

Why is the deletion of p53 genes damaging to an organism?

If the coding strand of DNA has the sequence 5'-CGAGACTTCTGA-3', what will the sequence of the transcribed RNA be?

How do homeotic genres contribute to the pattern formation in the early embryo?

What is the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

A couples first son is colourblind, though neither parents is. Colourblindness is an X-linked recessive trait. What is the probability that the couple's second son will be colourblind? Explain why.

You have successfully cloned DNA from HindIII-digested bacteriophage λ by ligating it into the plasmid pBluescript and transforming the plasmid into Escherichia coli cells. You grew the bacteria on an agar plate containing ampicillin and X-gal. Many colonies of E.coli grew - both blue and whit. So far, no satellite colonies have grown. Which colonies (blue and/or white) contain:
- The multiple cloning site?
- A gene for ampicillin resistance?
- A λ DNA Insert?

Unicellular organisms reproduce by?

_____________ is the process by which eukaryotic organisms generate two genetically identical daughter cells.
_____________ is the process in by which eukaryotic organisms generate gametes for sexual reproduction.

Which os the following statements is not correct in regard to cell division?
a) Chromatine uncoils to form the chromosomes
b) Chromatin is found within the nucleus
c) chromatin is made up of the DNA double helix and associated proteins
d) Chromosomes can be seen just as the cell divine is about to occur

Why must a cell duplicate its genetic information before splitting in half?

Why do some bacteria form endospores?

Each duplicated chromosome prior to divines will be held together at a region called the _______________?

Two main phases of the cell cycle are?

True or false: the cell is metabolically active during mitosis?

What are the 2 things that happen during S Phase?

During which phase of the cell cycle are gene mutations most likely to occur?

During which phase does the cell check DNA copies? What happens to mitosis if they are not?

What are the 2 sub phases of the mitotic phase?

Explain what happens during each phase:
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What is cytokinesis? How does it differ in plant cells and animal cells?

When is mitochondrial DNA duplicated?

Sum up the Central Dogma of protein synthesis

The site where RNA polymerase attached to the DNA molecule to start the formation of RNA is called?

If the DNA coding strand ACAGTCGAT, what is the template stand for the same sequence?

If the DNA coding strand is ACAGTCGAT, what is the mRNA strand?

What process moves carbon from living things to the atmosphere?

What are the 4 main role of proteins in the body?

Which of the following does a catalyst change during a chemical reaction?

What processes occur in the body due to mitochondria?

Describe the law of independent assortment?

1. What are the common features of a tree and a dog?
How does the existence of these features support the ideas of both evolution and a universal common ancestor?

2. During his voyage to the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that several closely related species of finches had slightly different beak structures, which favoured the use of different food sources. Based on this one observation, could you prove or disprove Darwin’s or Lamarck’s theory of evolution? Explain why or why not.

3. Explain the different ways glucose monomers can be linked together into polysaccharides?

Explain how this affects the structure and possible uses of these compounds in cells. Use the following terms in your explanation: Glycosidic bonds; Starch; Glycogen; Cellulose

4. Why do all cells need membranes, and why is it important that membranes are made out of phospholipids? Incorporate the following terms into your answer: hydrophobic; hydrophilic; semi-permeable.

5. Why is it important that each base pair in DNA contains a purine and a pyrimidine base rather than having two purines or two pyrimidines forming a pair? What would happen to the DNA structure if purines bonded to purines and pyrimidines bonded to pyrimidines?

6. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain small DNA molecules that encode some of the proteins needed in these organelles. Explain why this is the case and why other membrane-bound organelles (Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum) do not contain their own DNA. What other common feature of mitochondria and chloroplasts can be explained in the same way? Use terms such as: endosymbiont, bacteria, uptake, remaining DNA.

7. Why do endergonic reactions need to have an activation energy barrier?

8. Could cells function in the absence of catalysts? Why? Explain by using the following terms: metabolism, catalyst; substrate; activation energy.

9. How would the process of DNA replication change if DNA polymerases could start DNA synthesis ‘from scratch’ (without having to add nucleotides onto an existing nucleotide chain)? Use terms such as: primase, RNA primer, telomere shortening.

1. A particular mutation in E. coli changes the lac operator so that the active repressor cannot bind. How would this affect the bacterial cells production of the lac gene products?

2. Cyclins are proteins that control the cell cycle through binding to Cdks (cyclin-dependent kinases) to form Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF). Draw a diagram showing the changes of cyclin concentrations, Cdk concentrations and MPF concentrations during the different phases of the cell cycle. Speculate on possible reasons why the formation of MPF does not fully coincide with the production of cyclin. Use the following terms in your explanation: ‘concentration-dependent binding’, free cyclin, Cdk-cyclin complex, free Cdk concentrations and MPF concentrations.

3. Why is it beneficial for the genetic material of a cell to condense into chromosomes when the cell undergoes cell division? Also speculate on why DNA is not always in this state.

4. Mitosis gives rise to two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Yet you, the product of many mitotic divisions, are not composed of identical cells. Why?

5. Eukaryote transcriptional regulation elements are often orientation-independent and can function in a variety of locations. Explain the meaning of this statement with a brief explanation of how this occurs.

6. RNA viruses encode a viral RNA polymerase in their genomes that function in the virus replication cycle. Compare this with a cellular RNA polymerase in terms of template and overall function.

7. Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes.

8. The template strand of a gene contains the sequence 3’- TTCAGTCGT – 5’. Draw the non template sequence and mRNA sequence, indicating the 5’ and 3’ ends. Compare the two sequences.

9. There are fewer than 21000 human genes. How, then, can human cells make 75000-100000 different proteins?

1. A mutant yeast strain is found with a mutation affecting a tRNA Ser. The wild type normally produces a tRNA that recognizes the codon UCA, and is charged with the amino acid Serine (Ser) – tRNA Ser. The mutant’s tRNA is still charged with Ser, but the anticodon is mutated and now recognises the codon UGA. What effect will this have on translation in these yeast cells? How will the proteins produced be different?

2. What is more likely to have a detrimental effect on the phenotype: a single base pair deletion from the middle of the coding sequence of a gene, or a 9 base pair deletion from the same region of the gene? Why? Would the outcome be different if the deletions happened within the gene’s intron? Why?

4. Describe how antibiotic resistance can spread through different species of bacteria. Hint: there are 3 common mechanisms.

5. If the two chromosomes in a cell have the same two alleles for every gene, will crossing over in meiosis I lead to genetic variation?

6. Define and compare a bacteriophage lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle. Include in your answer an explanation of how the two cycles are related/connected.

7. Describe the difference between a gene,, allele, loci, genotype, phenotype, genomics.

Is it possible for two individuals to have the same phenotype and different genotypes? Explain your answer.

8. How would you demonstrate that two loci are independently assorting? Describe your experimental design and your specific predictions. Locus A has two possible alleles, A1 and A2, and Locus B has two possible alleles, B1and B2. Hint: Use a Punnett square to compose your answer.

9. A woman is pregnant and the foetus is male. The woman’s father was colour blind. The baby’s father has normal vision. a) What is the probability that the baby will be colour blind? Explain your reasoning. b) A few years later, the same couple is expecting and this time the foetus is female. What is the chance that the baby will be colour blind? Explain your reasoning.