LTM are cultural artefacts, no less rooted in a particular time and culture than any other instance of human activity, and, as such, are shaped by the context in which they occur

The 1958 National Defense (Foreign Language) Act was swiftly ushered in, providing massive funds for the development of language programmes.

The 1970s to the mid 1980s
ndividual’s particular
needs through models
such as those proposed
by Munby (1981) .‘Special
Purposes’ as a distinct
branch of syllabus design

which may be followed by grammar work, which may give way to written practice, before ending with some ‘freer work’ (the traditional PPP model)