Immunoglobulins against antigen D of Rhesus system develop in childhood

Ratio of agglutinins of ABO in plasma of blood rises throughout childhood.

Immunoglobulins against antigens ABO blood type system are produced by the fetus before their birth.

Agglutinins in ABO system are produced in effect of immunization against antigens A and B, being simple and common antigens.

G-protein coupled receptors hydrolyses GTP, transferred from G-protein to the binding site of the receptor.

Muscarinic receptor is an example of G-protein coupled receptor.

All adrenergic receptors belong to family of G-protein coupled receptors.

G-protein coupled receptors are metabotropic, they initiate formation of second messengers: cAMP or IP3.

Administration of heparin slows the process of agglutination.

Agglutination is in vitro phenomenon, in vivo process continues, engaging mechanism of destruction of erythrocytes.

Administration of isotonic solution of NaCl can facilitate IgG-dependent agglutination of erythrocytes

Gamma globulins of IgG class easily agglutinate erythrocytes in room temperature.

Prolonged time of the clotting time test

Prolonged prothrombin time

Prolonged time of bleeding time test.

Prolonged time of Rumpel-Leede test.

It activates fibrinolysis.

TxA2 activates platelets – it intensifies their degranulation (release of the content of granules).

It prevents aggregation of platelets.

It mediates vascular contraction.

Na/K ATP-ase exchanges 2 sodium ions for 1 potassium ion. Each such exchange requires two ATP molecules.

Co-transportation of glucose and sodium ions requires previous action of Na/K ATP-ase. Such the mechanism is an example of secondary active transport.

Calcium ions are actively pumped into cellular cytosol by the calcium ATP-ase. This mechanism maintains higher concentration of calcium in cellular cytosol than in ECF.

Active transport mechanisms are able to move substances against concentration gradient.

Muscarinic receptor are coupled to phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase

GABAb receptor is an example of metabotropic receptor

tyrosine kinase receptors are metabotropic receptor able to autophosphorylates after binding their ligands

some adrenergic receptors are tyrosine kinase receptors

binding of insulin to G protein of the insulin receptor initiates process of activation of adenylyl cyclase

extracellular ligands bind to G-protein coupled receptors which in turn activate particular G protein

inhibitory G protein (Gi protein) is coupled to carbonic anhydrase of some cells-

the G-protein activates a cascade of signaling events that finally results in a change in cell function

Ryanodine receptor

Rhodopsin receptor

PTH receptor

Nicotine receptor

dopamine decreases liberation of from APG in mechanism of negative feedback

liberation of corticoliberin (CRH) from APG is stimulated by corticotropin (ACTH)

TSH is liberated from APG. TSH binds its metatropic receptor of the membrane of the thyroid cell

GnRH (gonadoliberin) from hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary cells to secrete FSH and LH

prolactin is produced by supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus and liberated by the anterior pituitary

it mediates vasoconstriction

it decreases reabsorption of sodium ions in kidneys

it stimulates secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

it increases heart rate

it produces contraction of the uterus

it binds to the ligand-gated sodium channel of smooth muscle cells of the uterus

it is responsible for milk ejection due to contraction of myoepithelial cells

it has galactopoietic activity -it stimulates production of milk

increased arterial pressure

reduced volume of ECF and hypoperfusion of the kidney

decreased load of distal tubular fluid (NaCl) in area of the macula densa (of the distal tubule)

increased volume of ECF (hypervolemina)

Na+, Cl-, Bicarbonate, K+

Cl-, Bicarbonate, Na+, K+

Bicarbonate, Cl-, K+, Na+

K+, Cl-, Na+, Bicarbonate

Na/K ATPase exchanges 2 sodium ions for 1 potassium ion. Each such exchange requires 2 ATP molecules

co-transportation of glucose and sodium ions requires previous action of Na/K-ATPase. Such the mechanism is an example of secondary active transport

calcium ions are actively pumped into cellular cytosol by the calcium ATP-ase. This mechanism maintains higher concentration of calcium in cellular cytosol than in ECF

active transport mechanism are able to move substances against concentration gradient

rise of liberation of histamine from mast cells

rise of gluconeogenesis

rise of plasma concentration free fatty acids

intensification of catecholamine-dependent bronchodilation

Extracellular ligand such as glycine

Change of the electrical potential of the cellular membrane

mechanical deformation of the cell

second messenger such as IP3

beta-adrenergic receptor is ligand-gated channel

activity of adrenergic receptors brings EPSP to the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction

beta-adrenergic receptors are G protein coupled receptors related to adenylyl cyclase

activation of beta-adrenergic receptors up-regulates synthesis of cAMP

growth hormone exerts hypercalcemic effect

PTH up-regulated (increases) mobilization of calcium ion from bones

PTH decreases activity of 1alpha-hydroxylase of vitamin 25-OHD3 in kidney

thyroid hormones decrease plasma concentration of calcium

5% solution of glucose

benzene, ether and other organic solvents

IgG against D-antigen administered to Rh-D-negative mother after delivery of the Rh-D positive fetus

0,6% saline

adenosine and androgens inhibit secretion of EPO

EPO is produced by interstitial cells in peritubular capillary bed of kidneys

EPO increases the number of erythropoietin sensitive committed stem cells in the bone marrow that are converted by red blood cell precursors

hypoxia (low partial pressure of O2) in kidney is the main stimulus for EPO release-

5-7% of all the CO2 is transported physically dissolved in blood

10% of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate. Conversion is spontaneous and performed in plasma of blood

part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin

carbaminohemoglobin is an example of reduced hemoglobin of red-brown colour

hey migrate in large number into tissues infected by parasites where they release hydrolytic enzymes

they release heparin, histamine as well as small quantities of bradykinin and serotonin

they belong to the adaptive immune system. they are not able to phagocyte

they aggregate in tissues when allergic reactions occur, (peribronchial tissue in people with asthma)

the exhibit chemotaxis

administration of heparin slows the process agglutination

agglutination is in vitro phenomenon resulting from an interaction between the agglutinogen and agglutinin

gamma globulins of IgM class are able to produce immediate agglutination in room temperature

agglutination results from an interaction between the platelet’s GP IIb/IIIa and vascular collagen

agglutinins against antigens of Rh system develop in childhood

immediately after birth, the quantity of agglutinins in the plasma of the newborn is almost zero

immunoglobulin against antigens 0-A-B blood type system are produced by the fetus before the birth

agglutinins in 0-A-B blood type system are produced in effect of immunization against antigens A and B commonly present in environment

D antigen is the most antigenic (the strongest) component of the system

D antigen is the only antigen of the system

antigens are proteins, located only on membranes of erythrocytes

agglutinogens are synthesized in Rh-D negative individuals after exposure to Rh-D positive blood

Chemotaxis (chemoattraction) of macrophages and neutrophils

degranulation of the eosinophils and monocytes

promotion of agglutination of invading microbes

presenting on the water soluble antigen

opsonization

maturation of erythrocytes

it can easily produce agglutination of erythrocytes

it cannot cross blood-placenta barrier

binding of C1 complex of complement to antigen-IgG complex initiates classical pathway of complement activation

it has only 2 antigen-binding sites

it is a memory immunoglobulin

its duration is inversely proportional to the number of platelets

it does not depend on concentration and activity of plasma factors of secondary hemostasis

it is prolonged in people treated with heparin

it tests processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

they mediate cellular immunity

lymphocytes B are classified as professional antigen presenting cells

they are formed mainly in in thymus

B lymphocytes express B cell receptors on their cell membrane. It allows B lymphocytes to bind a specific antigen

75%

0%

50%

25%

Nicotinic receptor is an example of G-Protein coupled receptor

Examples of G-Protein coupled receptor are rhodopsin and GABA-Receptor.

G-Protein coupled receptors are metabotropic receptors

All G-Protein coupled receptors are metabotropic receptors, they activate intracellular enzymes.

All muscarinic receptors are serpentine G-coupled receptors.

Some of them are ligand-gated ionic channels.

Muscarinic receptors modify activity of adenylyl cyclase of phospholipase C.

Acetylcholine is an antagonist of all muscarinic receptors.

IP3 and ryanodine receptors

Rhodopsin and vasopressin receptors

Insulin and adrenergic receptors

Glycine and nicotinic receptors

D, C, A, E, B

B, D, A, C, E

E, C, A, D, B

B, D, A, E, C

In facilitated diffusion, membrane carriers enable movement of molecules through cellular membranes against concentration gradient.

Particular membrane carrier is able to transfer one particular type of molecules soluble in water.

Facilitated diffusion characterized with limit rate of transfer of substance diffuse as maximum saturation.

Water molecules pass from the cell of the collecting duct to its lumen through the system of facilitated diffusion called AQP2

insulin receptor open channels for tyrosine, which become phosphorylated in cytosol of the cell

Glycine receptor is an example of chemically-gated channel for chloride ion

smooth muscle cells can contract being mechanically stretched it is mediated by stretch gated channels

action potential of excitable cells is usually evoked by entrance of cations through electrical gated channels (Na+ & K+)

action potential of excitable cells is usually provoked by outflow of anions through ligand-gated channels

secondary active transport uses potential energy stored in concentration gradient of some ions created by energy liberated from ATP, such as in sodium concentration gradient dependent transport of glucose

secondary active transport can transfer co-transported molecules even against concentration gradient