Ia afferents from quadriceps muscle spindle increase their rate of

Ib afferents from Golgi tendon organ increase their rate of firing

alpha-motor neurons innervating extradural muscle fibers increase their rate of firing

gamma-motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle increase their rate of firing

The alpha-motoneurons to the antagonist muscles increase their rate of firing

Inhibitory interneuron of the spinal cord

Gamma motor neuron innervate extrafusal skeletal muscle cells

Golgi tendon organ

Ib sensory fiber from the annulospiral ending e9

Alpha-motor neuron innervate extrafusal skeletal muscle cells

C fiber collecting input from the muscle spindle

Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from type La sensory fiber

alfa- awake with eyes closed, relaxing

beta – awake, aroused with eyes open

gamma – focus attention on something

delta - sleep

teta - sleep

resting tremor

ignition tremor

Intention tremor

ataxia

adiadkinesia, didiadokin

muscle aphnemia

subthalamic nuclei

globus pallidus (int.part)

putamen

substantia nigra

caudate nucleus

temporal half of left retina

temporal half of right retina

nasal half of right retina

nasal half of left retina

both half of hemis retina

Alpha

Delta

Beta

Theta

Gamma

Temporal half of left retina

Temporal half of right retina

Nasal half of left retina

Nasal half of right retina

Both half of hemis retina

They excite Purkinje cells via their parallel fibers

They excite Golgi and Stellate cells via their parallel fibers

They excite Purkinje cells via their mossy fibers

They excite Golgi and Stellate cells via their mossy fibers

They inhibit Purkinje, Basket, Golgi and Stellate cells via their parallel fibers

They inhibit deep cerebellar nuclei via their mossy fibers

Detects specific sensory cortex, input of the peripheral organs

Analyzes of specific sensory input

Located in postcentral gyrus of Parietal lobe

Located in Cingulate gyrus

Anterior and lateral spinothalamic tract pass through ventral posterolateral nuclei of thalamus

All afferent pathways are crossed by corticospinal tract

Spinothalamic tract conduct exteroceptive, proprioceptive and teleoceptive sensation

Second neuron can be located in spinal cord of Medulla oblongata

The flower ending formed by Ia fibers -

The annulospiral ending formed by Ib fibers

The annulospiral ending is formed by Ia fibers

The golgi tendon organ has primary plate ending formed by Ib fibers

Excitatory climbing fibers

Release neurotransmitter

Release GABA as neurotransmitter

Release GABA and Glycine as neurotransmitter

Inhibitory.... (missing rest of question)

a, c, e, f, d

a, e, f, c, b

a, f, e, c, b

a, e, f, b, c

Correction: concave lens

Correction: convex lens

Correction: cylindrical lens

No correction needed

Correction: concave lens

Correction: convex lens

Correction: cylindrical lens

No correction needed

Correction: concave lens

Correction: convex lens

Correction: cylindrical lens

No correction needed

Correction: concave lens

Correction: convex lens

Correction: cylindrical lens

No correction needed

A. Bone conduction compared to air conduction in Rinne-test

B. Sound conduction is heard louder in defect ear in Weber-test

C. Bone conduction is the main sound conduction

Sound frequency ranges between 6Hz – 10KHz

A. Middle ear

B. Crista of semicircular canals

C. Basilar membrane of organ of Corti

D: Scala tympani

A. They are rapidly adapting

B. They are slow adapting

C. They cover large area of the skin

D. They cover short area of the skin

A. Is not transmitted to Cerebral cortex

B. Transmitted by unmyelinated C-fibers

C. Is “bright” and easy to locate

D. Is “gated” by Spinal cord

E. Is modulated by interneurons of gelatinous substance in the posterior horn

tactile cutaneous stimulation conducted by A beta fibers inhibits pain, conducted by C fibers

proprioceptive stimulation conducted by A gamma fibers inhibits fast pain conducted by A ...fibers

presynaptic inhibition of pain is performed by descending hyperpolarizing on 2nd order

tactile cutaneous stimulation conducted by C fibers inhibits pain, conducted by A beta-fibers

fast pain fibers of the spinal cord liberate excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate

most of slow pain fibers finish in reticular formation, rectal area and perpendicular grey region

upon entering the spinal cord fast and slow pain fibers synapse with the same population of neurons

paleospinothalamic tract transmits impulses concerning quality, intensity and location of pain

lateral spinothalamic tract

same pathway as the sense of vibration and fine, precise touch

same pathway pathway as the input from thermoreceptors

anterior spinothalamic tract

Ia afferents from the quadriceps muscle spindle increase their rate of firing

Ib afferent from the Golgi tendon organ increase their ring of firing

α-motoneurons (alpha) innervating the extrafusal muscle fibers increase their rate of firing

γ-motoneurons(gamma) innervating the intrafusal muscle fibers increase their rate of firing

α-motoneurons to the antagonistic muscles increase their rate of firing

Inhibitory interneuron of the spinal cord

Gamma motor neuron innervating extrafusal skeletal muscle cells

Golgi tendon organ

Ib sensory fiber from the annulospiral ending

Alpha-motor neuron innervating extrafusal skeletal muscle cells

C fiber collecting input from the muscle spindle

Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from type Ia sensory fiber

Speech and writing

respiratory movements of a diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Motor activities performed with hands and fingers such as taping keyboards

diadochokinesia

kinesthesia and stereo agnosia

a. Neurons in posterior horn of the spinal cord

b. Dorsal root ganglion cell

c. Neurons in nucleus gracilis

d. Neurons in ventral (posterolateral??) nuclei of thalamus

e. Neurons in postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

Inability to perform voluntary movements

Fluent aphasia

Loss of coordination of movements

Spastic tone of the contralateral skeletal muscles due to damage of the upper neuron of the pyramidal tract

it collects sensory input from lower part of the body

it collect sensory input from upper part of the body

conducts impulses from muscle spindles + Golgi tendon organs

it conveys crude (light) tough and temperature sense

it conveys fine (discriminative) touch and vibration sense

Second-order neuron is located in medulla oblongata

Second order neuron is located in posterior horn of the spinal cord -

it innervates bilaterally axial muscles (muscles proximal to the trunk)

it crosses the midline in pyramidal decussation

first order neurons of the pathways synapse in nucleus rubber

it reduces the muscular tone of flexors

it is 2 neuron sensory tract that is localized in anterolateral neural pathways system

it is a 3-neuron sensory tract that is localized in dorsal columns of the spinal cord

it conveys sensation modalities such as ticide and itch, temperature, light touch and pressure

it passes to the contralateral CNS side on the level of the medulla oblongata

it terminates finally in the somatosensory cortex

liberate GABA producing inhibitory effect to neurons of deep cerebellar nuclei

they project excitatory output to basket and stellate cells through GABAc receptor

They are excited by glutamate liberated by axon terminals of climbing fibers and parallel fibers

they are directly activated by mossy fibers

project excitatory axons converging on deep cerebellar nuclei

Climbing fiber input exerts a strong excitatory effect on single Purkinje cell

Basket cells project to deep cerebellar nuclei

Mossy fibers come from all possible sources except for inferior olivary nuclei

Mossy fibers come from inferior olivary nuclei -

Damage of the flocculonodular lobe lead to nystagmus

Input from cerebro-porto-cerebellar pathways enters dentate nucleus of vestibulocerebellum

Anterior cerebellospinal tract distribute proper rate and strength of muscle cells to postural muscles

Damage of the cerebellum results with discoordination of all movements (ataxia)

a) stimulate extrafusal muscle fibers to contract

b) help maintaining activity of Ia afferent during contraction

c) stimulate activity in Ib afferent fibers

d) detect the length of resting skeletal muscles

e) produce contraction of the nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers

appears when a patient's eyes open

forms sleep spindles of the EEG recording

ecorded during NREM sleep of healthy adults

represents activity that is the most specific for the frontal region of the conscious brain

Near point of vision can be located 1 meter from the eye

It is related to increased focal length of the eyeball

it is corrected by concave lenses

Near objects are focused on retina while far objects not

Temporal half of the left retina

Temporal half of the right retina

Nasal half of the left retina

Nasal half of the tight retina

Both left hemiretinas (left of both retinas)

In Weber's test, sound is heard louder by the right ear

Rinne's test of the right ear is positive

Patient's hearing of the right ear is longer than the examiner's in Schwabach's test

Air conduction of the right ear is better bone conduction

Is tested by Snellen letter chart

is normal when eye is able to discriminate details separated by a visual angle of 5 minutes of arc (1 minute of arc = 1/60 degree)

it depends on defects of focusing

depends on the state of rods

Composed of transducin and photopsin

the G-protein of cones

The serpentine receptor coupled with G-protein, which activates enzyme PDE

It is a ligand gated channel similar to muscarinic receptor

Metabotropic receptor located on free floating discs of the outer segment of rods

It is present in awake patients with eyes open

Made up by low frequency high amplitude waves frequency is 8-13 Hz

it forms sleep spindle of EEG

It is typically recorded in occipital lobe (or similar)

Typical rhythm of frontal lobe are in unconscious and conscious person