It treated men and women as complete opposites, with no common traits.

It applied Enlightenment values to define women as men's equal.

It emphasized the submission of children to parental dominance.

It was drawn from Old Testament law.

The magazine's female editor was a rare northerner who defended slavery.

The magazine, funded by the Baptist church, encouraged women to become missionaries.

The magazine was a failure since it only catered to women's interests.

The magazine's female editor promoted the ideology of true womanhood.

The women workers unionized and successfully protested to win higher wages and shorter working hours.

Many young women at Lowell got pregnant, causing farm families to stop allowing daughters to work in the factories.

The families of the mill girls needed additional help on the farm to make ends meet and demanded their daughters return home.

Factory owners increased the pace of work, cut wages, and began to hire immigrants to replace the farm girls.

Machines were used to spin and weave cloth, revolutionizing the making of textiles.

British families were imported to staff the factories because of their experience working with textiles.

Factory workers spun cotton into thread, which was woven by women working in their homes.

Young farm girls were employed as factory workers and lodged in company boardinghouses.

Contributed to the decline of slavery in the southern United States

Lowered the value of slaves throughout the United States

Spurred a massive internal commerce in slaves within the United States

Made southern slaveowners aware of the need to keep families together

Married women were paid higher wages because they had a family to provide for.

Parents did not permit daughters to work in factories, preferring they stay home producing piecework.

Limited by childrearing needs, married women remained home-based industrial workers much longer.

Unmarried women supplemented their wages with overtime, which married women could not do.

Wages as a domestic servant were far lower than those of factory workers.

When the workday was over at the factory, a woman's time was her own.

The work in the factory was much easier than the work of a domestic servant.

Factory work was steadier and offered a chance to become a manager.

Slave women were released from all labor when they became pregnant.

Slave women were never sold away from their children.

Slave women who gave birth to a slaveowner's child were usually given their freedom.

Slave women's sexual vulnerabilities were often exploited by slaveowners.

primarily reflected the lives of rural white women.

was imposed upon unwilling women by male authorities.

was considered universal despite class and regional differences.

was an outmoded holdover from the prerevolutionary era.

Motherhood

Religious activism

Nursing

Teaching

the first step in a process of formal theological education.

a reminder that men must take the lead in church life.

an opportunity to express themselves outside the home in ways usually not permitted.

a chance to stay home while the men attended the religious events.

women should work hard to bring an end to slavery in the South.

women should be subordinate to and defer to their husbands.

the woman's sphere was equal in importance to any task a man might perform.

women were better at math and would make better household economists than men.

easier due to the increased availability of electrical appliances.

less visible due to the increased perception that only remunerated labor had value.

more difficult due to the increased demands placed on them.

less of a priority for women because of their increased civic responsibilities.

more men than women emigrated to the United States.

most immigrants were middle-class farmers who continued farming in the United States.

Protestant immigrants outnumbered Catholic immigrants.

the number of women roughly equaled that of men.

There was a distinction between public and private spheres as well as between work and family roles.

Southern white women were supposed to be submissive to their husbands, who defended their honor and virtue.

Southern white women were to be ready to work in the fields if necessary, as the highest value of their society was labor.

Southern white women generally had more formal education than northern white women because they had to teach the slaves.

The plantation master

The slave nurse

The headman, or head slave

The plantation mistress

Domestic work

Field work

Nursing work

Craft work

they refused to adapt to white cultural norms.

groups of Native peoples continually rose up against innocent whites.

some Cherokees became slaveholders.

Native lands were valuable for growing cotton and tobacco.

Writing

Nursing

Teaching

Weaving

Politics

Secular matters

Sexual expression

Social problems

free slaves in the South.

church missions throughout Asia and Africa.

foundations in northern cities that rescued women from prostitution.

Catholic soup kitchens that fed the urban poor.

Laundry

Cooking

Spinning and weaving

Cleaning

take in boarders to help cover household expenses and to teach young people morality.

hire fewer servants and do more of the household chores themselves.

save money by producing their own cloth by spinning and weaving.

sharpen their household management skills.

Textile manufacturers believed that women were reliable employees.

Spinning fiber for cloth had been the traditional work of women.

Women were less likely to refuse to work with African Americans.

Many believed that it was now more acceptable for women to work outside the home.

Parents worried about their daughters living far from home and without their supervision.

The girls were not very dedicated to the job and usually left after a few months.

Farm girls refused to work unless the factory owners agreed to an eight-hour workweek.

Society disapproved of the idea of farm girls working in dark factories.

Mary Boykin Chestnut admits that slaveowner’s wives were aware of that their husbands fathered some of the enslaved children on their plantations.

Mary Boykin Chestnut argues that only Southern men are at fault for the cruelty of slavery.

Historians could use this document to explore how slaveowners felt about the northern factory workers.

This document was written by a northern abolitionist who was criticizing slavery.

Mary Boykin Chestnut argues that slavery is a positive good to Southern society.

A historian could use this document to prove that Southern women were unaware of the cruelties of slavery.

This document was written as a public document to be published in a local paper.

Mary Boykin Chestnut argues that the slavery is a “monstrous system.”