Canadian studies from the 1980s reveal that unemployed people are more likely to ________.
be hospitalized
report low psychological distress
sustain workplace injuries
all of these
In Canada by 2008, the prevalence of measured obesity had reached ________ of the adult population.
15%
25%
40%
50%
In 1848, Dr Rudolf Virchow, founder of modern cellular pathology, suggested that an outbreak of typhus in Prussia (now Poland) was the result of ________.
lice carrying bacteria
misdiagnosis
prescription drug use
problems in the physical and social environment
Researchers examining the determinants of health ________.
use of a variety of systems to classify the determinants of health
make important distinctions between upstream and downstream determinants
emphasize that more attention should be placed on examining distal factors as determinants of health
All of these
One of the implications of strong social support is ________.
obesity
increased isolation
reduced mortality
increased substance abuse
The story of Jason's health from a report on the health of Canadians by the Public Health Agency of Canada (1999) reveals that ________.
overanalyzing an individual's health is harmful
causal explanations for health status are usually easily identified
social context is not relevant to individual behavior
various social determinants of health have a greater influence upon health than traditional behavioural risk factors
Heredity makes us susceptible to disease, but ________ and ________ factors influence its onset.
social, emotional
initial, concluding
environmental, lifestyle
smoking, drinking
Structural determinants of health include ________.
genetic makeup
living and working conditions
personal health practices
personal beliefs
It is estimated that ________ of increased longevity since 1900 is the result of improved health care.
70-80%
0-5%
10-15%
40-50%
According to Raphael, ________ are an example of a horizontal structure.
workplace conditions
social policies
political policies
economic policies
In 2011, census data showed that for the first time there were more Canadians between the ages of 55 and 64 than those aged 15 to 24.
In the coming years, population aging in Canada will decelerate.
Three-quarters of drinking water systems in First Nations communities pose significant risks to the health of on-reserve Aboriginal peoples.
Research by Blaxter suggests that individual lifestyle practices may play a more important part in shaping the health of people with high socioeconomic status
Traditional health promotion that encourages individual Canadians to change their behavioural practices to improve health has been very successful in Canada.
The urban health penalty refers to research that argues that those who live in rural areas have worse health than those who live in urban centres.
Social determinants of health include both structural and personal factors.
Horizontal structures are more immediate factors that shape health and well-being, such as quality of housing.
Instrumental support is given when a social relationship provides a vital source of information about health-related matters.
There is conclusive support for the urban health penalty in the literature.
The decline in occupational prestige associated with a decline in perceived health status particularly affects female (as compared to male) labour force participants.
There has been a substantial increase in income inequality in Canada since the 1980s.
Those with limited access to social and economic resources are least likely to continue to participate in the labour market when they experience health problems.
Social-class differences in mortality persist over time even though the major causes of death change.
People who are retired generally report better health than people in the labour force.
In the Whitehall studies of civil servants, the social gradient in health outcomes could be explained by lifestyle behaviours.
Cultural behavioural explanations are the most common explanation guiding research on the social gradient in health in Canada.
There have been very few Canadian studies examining the relationship between income and health outcomes.
The social gradient in health is steepest in late adulthood.
There are dramatic differences in life expectancy today, both between and within countries.
In order to better understand the means by which income influences health, researchers need ________.
less qualitative and mixed-methods studies
more research funding available to new researchers
more interdisciplinary work on the pathways involved in the income–health relationship
more free time to pursue leisure activities that encourage creative thinking
Income adequacy is defined as ________.
having sufficient income to meet family needs
having an income 30 percent above the poverty line
having two months' worth of savings in the bank
having enough resources to cover health-care costs only
The _________ explanation approach argues that people with lower socioeconomic status are exposed to a more harmful environment and have less access to health care and health promotion.
cultural behavioural
psychosocial
environmental surrounding
materialist
To understand the fundamental causes of disparities in health, one needs to focus on ________.
socioeconomic position
gender
race and ethnicity
Among older adults, low health literacy is associated with ________.
poor self-care of chronic diseases
excessive use of emergency services
increased risk of mortality
The worst type of job you can have for your health is a job characterized as ________.
high demands and high control
high demands and low control
low demands and low control
low demands and high control
In the United States, there is a gap in life expectancy of approximately ________ year(s) between the least advantaged and most advantaged members of society.
1
5
10
20
The operational skills, linguistic styles, values and norms that one accrues through education and lifelong socialization are referred to as ________.
social capital
cultural capital
social gradient
social status
Canadian studies examining data on social gradients in health conclude that ________.
the social gradient in mortality is steeper for men than for women
the social gradient in mortality is steeper for women than for men
there is no gender difference in the social gradient
there is no evidence of a social gradient in mortality in Canada
The differential vulnerability hypothesis argues that ________.
younger people are more vulnerable to disease than older adults
a woman's health is more vulnerable to environmental factors than a man's
people with lower socioeconomic status have poor coping skills
people with no social network are more able to make independent health decisions
Men are more likely than women to die following a heart attack or stroke.
Both sex and gender should be measured as non-binary variables.
Females' lung cancer rates are increasing, while males' lung cancer rates are either remaining stable or decreasing.
Women between the ages of 20 and 44 are far more likely to be hospitalized than men, even when maternity care is excluded.
In Canada, men die approximately four years earlier than women.
Since 2009, Health Canada has mandated that researchers include sex and gender–based analysis in their research.
Estrogen increases low density lipoprotein and thus increases women's chances of heart disease.
There is a much greater expectation for men to present themselves for medical care than there is for women.
The feminist paradigm argues that women's bodies and women's lives have been the target of medicalization.
Lung cancer has now surpassed breast cancer in terms of premature death among Canadian women.
Women are more likely than men to ________.
be employed full time
take on caregiving roles
exercise a high level of control in their jobs
be highly valued in society
The role accumulation hypothesis ________.
emphasizes the harmful effects of women's roles
suggests women are more willing to adopt the sick role because of socialization
suggests men are socialized to take risks, while women are socialized to be more cautious and concerned about taking care of their health
suggests that more roles result in better health
The pronounced differences between women and men in the area of health and illness can be attributed to ________.
differences in socioeconomic status
biology
lifestyle factors
It is not yet fully understood why such pronounced differences exist.
According to the sex- and gender-based analysis (SGBA), variations in health consequences are produced by ________ that intersects with gender.
sexual orientation
Hegemonic masculinity is a cultural ideal that embodies men as ________.
cooperative
uneducated
heterosexual
members of visible minorities
Following a cardiovascular event such as a heart attack or stroke, men (as compared to women) are ________.
less likely to die
less likely to undergo cardiac catheterization
less likely to be transferred to a different healthcare facility
The care provided by women has been ________.
largely invisible and unpaid
mainly in formal healthcare settings
only a small portion of the healthcare system
becoming less important over time
Women's health-adjusted life expectancy is approximately ________ years.
70
40
80
50
Men are far more likely than women to die of ________.
cerebrovascular disease
heart disease
disease of the central nervous system
suicide
smoking behaviour
level of physical activity
family structure
diet
A deterioration in the health of immigrants over time was not confirmed in the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada.
Type 2 diabetes was a problem for Aboriginal communities at the time Canada was colonized.
There are no notable ethnic differences in health behaviour.
In the National Population Health Survey, year of arrival has been found to be an important predictor of immigrant health status.
The commonly used measures of ethnicity in population health research are ancestry and ethnic identity.
The relationship between health and ethnicity has received more research attention than the link between health disparities and other sources of inequality.
Immigrants arriving from countries that are predominately English-speaking and culturally similar to Canada still have patterns of chronic disease that are far different that than of Canadian born.
Approximately one-quarter of First Nations adults aged 25–64 living on reserve have an annual income of less than $5,000.
A number of Canadian studies have found that Asian immigrant women are less likely than other Canadians to use preventive health services such as screening for breast and cervical cancer.
People who have immigrated to Canada within the last 10 years have worse self-rated health status than native-born Canadians.
According to the 2011 National Household Survey, there were over ________ ethnic origins reported by the total population in Canada.
1,000
26
640
200
Cultural safety, an approach to intercultural care that relies on the mutual accommodation of both patients and providers, is a concept that has been endorsed by ________.
the Canadian Medical Association (CMA)
the Canadian Nurses Association (CAN)
the Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing
According to the 2011 National Household Survey, immigrants make up ________ of the Canadian population.
over half
just under one-quarter
less than one-tenth
almost three-quarters
Culture tends to determine ________.
whether a person is sensitive to feelings of discomfort
how symptoms are perceived and evaluated
whether or not the individual decides to seek medical care
The health benefits of living in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of others from one's own ethnic group is referred to as ________.
the Chinatown effect
the ethnic density effect
social exclusion
none of these
Aboriginal peoples are 14 times more likely than non-Aboriginals to________.
have sickle cell anemia
live in a home requiring major repair
avoid the use of formal health-care services
reach the age of 88
The leading causes of death among Aboriginal infants are ________.
diabetes, malnutrition, and heart disease
respiratory ailments, infectious diseases, and accidents
homicide, neglect, cancer
sudden infant death syndrome, diabetes, and heart disease
The highest rates of depression in Canada are reported by ________.
Blacks
South Asians
Aboriginals
East Asains
In 2006, Aboriginals accounted for ________ of new HIV infections in Canada.
5.5%
12.5%
25.5%
50.5%
An ethnic group is ________.
irrelevant to the study of health and illness
a shared set of ideas and beliefs
a socially based group that exists within a cultural framework
only used to define those who have immigrated to Canada within the past four years
