BioMed II Exam 2

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A mature adult has around ____________ cells.

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There are different cell types in a normal human body, however, there are different cell types in someone who has developed cancer.

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Proliferation is used for:

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On average, _________ cells die and replenish every second.

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Which of these cell types have a "lifetime" longevity?

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Match the method of cell death with its definition.
( Apoptosis, Necrosis, Senescence ) --> The cell agrees to kill itself due to medium damage.
( Necrosis, Apoptosis, Senescence ) --> The cell is killed due to extreme damage.
( Senescence, Apoptosis, Necrosis ) --> The cell agrees to stop replicating due to small damage.

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In the word Apoptosis. "apo" means and "ptosis" means .

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Organize the differences between Necrosis and Apoptosis.
Necrosis:
- Death of ( Healthy, Unhealthy ) Cells
- ( Premature, Natural ) Death
- ( Lots, Small Amounts ) of chemicals and invading microbes
- Very ( Fast, Slow ) death
- ( "Kill and Spill", "Tag and Bag" )
- ( Inflammation, Minimal ) Response
Apoptosis:
- Death of ( Unhealthy, Healthy ) Cells
- ( Natural, Premature ) Death
- ( Small amounts, Lots ) of chemicals and invading microbes
- Very ( Slow, Fast ) Death
- ( "Tag and Bag", "Kill and Spill" )
- ( Minimal, Inflammation ) Response

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Old and Damaged cells are replenished by what type of cells?

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cells are considered "Immortal".
cells are considered "Mortal".
Cells are "Terminal".

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All tissues have stem cells.

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Similarities between Stem cells and Tumor Cells include:

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The most common cause of tumors are genetic changes in DNA.

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( Deletions and Duplications, Mutations, Epigenetic Changes ) change the number of genes which results in excessive or dysfunctional production of proteins.
( Mutations, Deletions and Dupications, Epigenetic Changes ) result in a change in sequence and function and can be hereditary or acquired over time.
( Epigenetic changes, Mutations, Deletions and Duplications ) happen when something latches onto the gene or DNA sequence changing the functionality

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If someone does not have Cancer, they do not have any tumor causing mutations within their DNA.

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Mutations can be Inherited or Acquired over time.

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( Malignant Tumors, Benign Tumors ) spread to other tissues while ( Benign Tumors, Malignant Tumors ) remain within a specific connective tissue area.

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The zodiac sign "Cancer" was named such based off of the fact that "Cancer" the disease resembled a crab.

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What determines the difference between a Benign tumor and a Malignant tumor is the number and type of mutations.

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Benign Tumors are completely harmless.

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Problems that can be caused by benign tumors include:

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Any abnormal mass is considered a tumor.

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Moles always form before Adulthood.

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What type of benign tumor is the most common to arise during adulthood?

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What percentage of malignant tumors are inherited?

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Some cancers are more inheritable than others.

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Gene mutations can be acquired from:

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The top 4 viral causes of cancer in order are:
1. ( Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis c Virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) )
2. ( Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) )
3. ( Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) )
4. ( Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) )

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Cells that replicate more are more at risk to form Cancer.

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Put the steps of cell replication initiation in order:
1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
5. ❌

Ligand

Receptor

Signaling Molecules

Cell Cycle Progression

Cell Replication

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Excess production of which proteins result in excess cell proliferation?

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Proto-oncogene stands for "Early Cancer Gene" because the normal version of this gene can be mutated into a cancer causing gene.

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Increasing the amount of HER2 receptors in a cell increases the amount of signals being sent which then decreases the rate of cell proliferation.

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When there is a small amount of DNA damage detected, which proteins are activated to inhibit the cell cycle progression?

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When there is a small amount of DNA damage detected and the cell cycle is paused, which proteins start repairing the damaged DNA?

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When a large amount of DNA damage is detected, which proteins are activated to induce apoptosis?

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The most mutated gene in all cancers is:

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The site is the origin of the tumor while the site is where the tumor has traveled to.

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Cancer cells travel through the or vessels.

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Metastasis relies on more and less of cells.

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The steps of Metastasis in order:
1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
5. ❌
6. ❌

More Replication & Less Apoptosis

Evasion

Loss of Contact Inhibition

Angiogenesis

Emigration

Immigration

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Cancer cells tend to invade tissues similar to their primary site tissues.

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Match the 5 Major Types of Cancer with their definitions.
( Carcinomas, Melanomas, Sarcomas, Myeloid Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia ) --> Cancer of the Epithelial Cells
( Melanomas, Carcinomas, Sarcomas, Myeloid Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia ) --> Cancer of Melanocytes
( Sarcomas, Carcinomas, Melanomas, Myeloid Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia ) --> Cancer of the Connective Tissues
( Myeloid Leukemia, Carcinomas, Melanomas, Sarcomas, Lymphoid Leukemia ) --> Cancer of Mast, Baso, Eosin, Neutro, or Monocytes
( Lymphoid Leukemia, Carcinomas, Melanomas, Sarcomas, Myeloid Leukemia ) --> Cancer of the Lymphocytes

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All of these can be symptoms of cancer EXCEPT

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A Patient experiencing a tumor in the bone marrow may have symptoms such as...

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Cancer is consistently considered the ( 2nd, 1st, 3rd ) most common cause of death in the US.

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Tumors are detectable before they become a critical mass.

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A biopsy is considered the "" for tumor diagnosis.

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Tumor Detection Involves which of the following:

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In Antineoplastic surgery, Combotherapy can involve a combination of , , and .

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( Surgery and Radiation, Chemotherapy ) are usually used in early stage cancers while ( Chemotherapy, Surgery and Radiation ) is used in advanced stage cancers.

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Match the surgery type with its goal:
( Curative, Debulking, Palliative ) --> Removing all of the tumor to cure the patient
( Debulking, Curative, Palliative ) --> Removing a large amount of the tumor to improve the prognosis of the cancer
( Palliative, Curative, Debulking ) --> Removing some of the tumor to increase the comfort and quality of life for the patient

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The general methods that chemotherapy uses to inhibit cellular replication and increase apoptosis include:

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Two Chemotherapeutic Hormone inhibitors mentioned were and .

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Replicating Cells secrete to stimulate the growth of blood vessels towards them to deliver Oxygen and Glucose

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An example of a medication that is a Monoclonal Antibody (MAB) targeting secreted molecules is:

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An example of a medication that is a Monoclonal Antibody (MAB) targeting surface molecules is:

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A medication that is an example of a chemotherapeutic kinase inhibitor is:

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Which of these are Alkylating/Alkylating-like Agents?

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Which of these are an Antimetabolite Drug?

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Which of these are a Topoisomerase Inhibitor?

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Which of these are Antimitoic Agents?

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Drug resistance is when Cancer is resistant to a drug before exposure.
Drug resistance is when the Cancer becomes resistant over time after exposure.

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Systematic chemotherapy administration involves:

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Local chemotherapy administration methods mentioned include:

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Drugs injected via I.V. cross BBB into the Central Nervous System.

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Continuous Chemotherapy treatment is considered ( Rare, More Common ) while Noncontinuous treatment is ( More Common, Rare ).

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Noncontinuous treatment consists of weeks of treatment and then a few days of no treatment for the healthy cells to recover.

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Match the Chemotherapy response with its definition:
( Complete Response, Partial Response, Stable Disease, Progressive Disease ) --> 100% disappearance after 1 month of treatment
( Partial Response, Complete Response, Stable Disease, Progressive Disease ) --> 30% or greater decrease in tumor diameter along with no new disease
( Stable Disease, Complete Response, Partial Response, Progressive Disease ) --> Tumor has no change in size
( Progressive Disease, Stable Disease, Complete Response, Partial Response ) --> 20% or greater increase in tumor size or Tumor has spread

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The 1st FDA approved gene therapy mentioned was therapy.

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The Top 4 Modifiable Risk Factors for Cancer in Order are:
1. ( Cigarette Smoking, Excess Weight, Alcohol Intake, UV Exposure )
2. ( Excess Weight, Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Intake, UV Exposure )
3. ( Alcohol Intake, Cigarette Smoking, Excess Weight, UV Exposure )
4. ( UV Exposure, Cigarette Smoking, Excess Weight, Alcohol Intake )

Lectures Neoplasia I and II