What is the physiologic prcesses occurring to filtrate when it is within the kidneys? (elimination / regulation of what?) 5 steps
What enzyme does the kidney's release to regulate blood pressure, which hormone does it stimulate?
Renin, angiotensin II
Angiotensin II, Renin
What ions do the kidneys regulate to control blood ion balance?
CA, P, K, H
CA, K , H, Phosphate
NA, N, C, O
NA, CA, K, Phosphate
What functions do the kidney's perform?
Formation of Calcitriol (increases absorption of Calcium in small intestine)
Production and release of leukocytes (protects the body from attacks0
Production and release of erythropoietin (Secretes EPO, stimulates RB marrow to increase RBC formation)
Potential to engage in gluconeogenesis (produce glucose during fasting/starvation, maintains glucose levels
In general, kidneys take care of our blood, remove unwanted blood materials, maintain blood plasma concentration of the ions, regulate blood pH, maintain blood glucose, maintain number of RBC's, helps blood pressure.
Gluconeogenesis produces glucose in times of fasting/starvation from noncarbohydrate sources
The urinary system is composed of what?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Heart
One of the primary functions of the kidney's is to filter blood and convert it into urine
The liquid waste from the kidneys is transported by what to what?
Urinary bladder, Urethra
Ureters, Urethra
Urethra, Urinary Bladder
Ureters, Urinary bladder
What structure of the urinary system forms urine?
The urinary bladder is the expandable muscular sac which stores 1L of urine until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra
What are the two means by which the kidney helps to regulate blood pressure?
Fluid regulation
Releasing angiotensin II, stimulates renin
Releasing Renin, stimulates angiotensin II
The hilum apart of the kidney functions as what?
Vessels, nerves, and ureter connect to kidney
Concave medial border
vessels, nerves, lymph nodes connect to kidney
Kidneys are located along _______ abdominal wall and ____ to the vertebral column?
Anterior, Medial
Anterior, Superior
Posterior, Lateral
Posterior, Medial
The kidneys are positioned posterior to the parietal peritoneum in the retroperitoneal space.
The kidneys are surrounded and supported by several tissue layers, which ones are they?
FIbrous capsule
Fibrous tract
Perinephric fat
Renal fascia
Renal capsid
Paranephric fat
The fibrous capsule that surrounds the kidney directly is made of dense regular connective tissue.
The perinephric fat, just behind the fibrous capsule contains adipose connective tissue.
The renal fascia, external to the perinephric fat is composed of dense irregular adipose tissue.
The paranephric fat, the outermost layer of the kidneys, is composed of adipose connective tissue.
The right kidney is about 2 centimeters superior to the left kidney.
Both kidneys are completely protected by the rib cage.
The fibrous capsule of the kidney helps prevent infectious pathogens from penetrating it.
The perinephric fat layer of the kidney helps anchor the kidney to surrounding structures.
The perinephric fat provides cushion and support for the kidney.
The paranephric fat also provides support and cushion for the kidney.
What are the two distinct regions of the kidney?
Renal Papilla
Renal lobes
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
The renal columns extend from the medulla into the cortex to subdivide it.
The medially directed apex (tip) of the renal pyramid called renal papilla
Which disease is the failure of a kidney to develop? (can have unilateral or bilateral)
Renal agenesis
Horseshoe kidney
Supernumerary kidneys
Which is asymptomatic, which one is fatal: unilateral renal agenesis or bilateral renal agenesis.
Unilateral - fatal, bilateral, asymptomatic
Unilateral - asymptomatic, bilateral - fatal
A Pelvic kidney may occur if the developing kidney fails to migrate from the pelvic cavity to the abdominal cavity (are asymptomatic and function normally)
What is the wide base of the renal pyramid lies at the external edge of the medulla, where it meets the cortex?
corticomedullary junction
corticomedullary border
both (same name)
The parenchyma of a human kidney can be dived into how many renal lobes?
8 to 15
6-12
8-12
A renal lobe consists of a renal pyramid, portions of renal column, portions of renal columns adjacent to either side of the renal pyramid, and the renal cortex external to the pyramid base.
Each kidney contains a medially located space that serves as a urine drainage area called what?
renal calyces
renal sinus
minor sinus
minor calyx
The main function of the ________ is to filter blood and remove unwanted substances out of the body.
renal medulla
renal cortex
Housed within the space around the renal ______ are the renal artery, renal vein, lymph vessels, nerves, and a variable amount of fat.
sinus
pelvis
cortex
medulla
This kidney structure enwraps the apex of the renal pyramids. Following production in the kidney, urine enters into a minor calyx following a passage through a renal papilla located at the apex. It then enters into the Major calyx and is passed into the ureter through the renal pelvis.
True
False
What is it called when extra kidneys that develop, but are rare and have no clinical significance.
Horseshoe kidneys
What develops when the inferior parts of the left and right kidneys fuse and they ascent from the pelvic cavity into the abdominal cavity?
The "dropping" or inferior movement of the kidney within the abdominal cavity.
hydronephrosis
hyponephrosis
renal ptosis
Urine backs up into the kidney which will result in a swelling of the kidney called hydronephrosis. If not treated, renal failure may occur.
The loss of adipose connective tissue in very thin elderly people or individuals with anorexia may result in renal ptosis.
What three anatomic structures of the kidney are innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
juxtaglomerular apparatus, afferent and efferent arterioles
renal sinus, juxtaglomerular apparatus, renal pelvis
juxtaglomerular apparatus, renal papilla, renal colums
afferent and efferent arterioles, renal sinus
The general effect of sympathetic stimulation of the kidneys is to increase urine production.
What is the microscopic functional filtration unit of the kidney?
Renin
nephron
Each nephron consists of two major structures: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
All of the renal corpuscles and almost all of the renal tubules reside in the medulla.
What is the enlarged, bulbous portion of a nephron housed within the renal cortex. Composed of two structures: glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.
Renal Tubule
Renal Corpuscle
The glomerulus is a thick tangle of capillary loops called the glomerular capillaries.
