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Upwards/downwards ( social mobility, social promotion/demotion, academic achievement ) is moving up or down the class structure. People can achieve upwards ( social mobility, social promotion ) if they ( defer gratification, favour gratification ), which is to make sacrifices for their own achievement and benefit. People can show instant gratification, meaning that they want fun instantly, which can deteriorate the attention span of students.
Working class students are more likely to favour ( collectivism, being supportive ), meaning that they prefer to form with groups of students, in which they are either more disruptive and want more fun (this is called an ( anti-school, disruptive school, negative school ) subculture.) However, some groups want to achieve well together and create study groups to do the best in exams. (this is called a ( good school, advantage-school, pro-school ) subculture.) This form of subculture is more common in middle class students than working class students.
These factors are one of the many that affect students from moving up or down the social class structure.
