Chronic Kidney Disease

1

Which of these is not a term used to describe chronic kidney disease

1

Which of these is not a common form of CKD?

1

In glomerulonephritis, there is efficient and lasting compensation via glomerular hypertrophy and hyperfiltration

1

EPO is made in the peritubular interstitium of the kidney by what cells and what do these cells change to during chronic kidney disease?

1

Which of these is not an effect of Ang 2?

1

Aldosterone diffuses into the ( principal cells, intercalated discs ) of the collecting ducts and binds to type 1 steroid receptors. This leads to increased apical Na+ channels (ENAC's) and basolateral Na/K/ATPases which increase ( sodium reabsorption, sodium secretion, potassium reabsorption ).

1

Natriuretic peptides only action is to bind on collecting ducts and inhibit apical Na+ channels thereby reducing Na+ reabsorption

1

H+ secretion is regulated partially by the H+/K+ exchanger in the collecting ducts, but where are the NHE primarily based?

1

Ammoniogenesis occurs in the of proximal tubule cells. NH4+ is secreted into the tubular lumen and is under the thick ascending limb, where it is reabsorbed with Na/K/2Cl-. H+ is secreted here and NH3 created in the interstitium. This causes an NH3 medullary gradient, which allows NH3 into the collecting duct lumen. NH3 binds to H+ secreted from cells and forms NH4+ which is now "trapped" and able to be excreted.

1

Phosphate is the most important filtered buffer?

1

What stages of renal disease have eGFR > 60

1

Calculate the using the Cockcroft-Gault Equation of a 75 year old man, with a serum creatinine of 139 umol who weighs 85kg.

1

Under normal circumstances, glucose is normally fully reabsorbed via the Na/glucose cotransporter in early part of PCT.

1

Almost all the ( Calcium, Albumin, Carbon ) is stored in bones. Unbound calcium accounts for 50% of total plasma calcium and is freely filtered at the glomerulus. Phosphate is also found in high levels in bone (80%) and is a major ( buffer, anion, protein ) of the urinary system. Due to falling GFR in CKD, phosphate levels will elevate and this will cause calcium levels to fall. This will lead to release of ( PTH, ADH, TSH ) which will have several effects including: increased secretion of phosphate, Ca2+ mobilisation from bone. This may lead to ( renal bone disease., acidosis, alkalosis )