If ventilation is reduced by obstruction, the arterial blood will be the same as venous.
Which of the following is true regarding right-to-left shunts?
Cannot be corrected by supplemental O2
Will not have any noticeable effect on blood
Can be corrected by high supplemental O2
Will result in over-oxygenation and possibly death
Which of the following is true regarding the transport of O2 & CO2 in the body?
Most O2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin
Most CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin
Most CO2 diffuses into red blood cells
The binding/release of oxygen to hemoglobin depends on PO2, PCO2, temperature, and plasma pH
Most O2 is dissolved into the plasma
ABG measures which of the following: (Select all that apply)
Serum pH
HCO3
O2
CO2
RBC
Which of the following are components of the breathing control system: (select all that apply)
Central chemoreceptors for H+
Peripheral chemoreceptors for O2, CO2, and H+
mechanoreceptors in the lungs and joints
control centers for breathing in the brain stem (medulla and pons)
respiratory muscles, regulated by the brain stem center
Which of the following is/are true of hypercapnia, under normal conditions: (select all that apply)
Excess CO2 will easily diffuse into CSF and lower pH
Respiratory acidosis will cause excitation of nervous system
Will cause hyperventilation
Will cause hypoventilation
Respiratory acidosis will cause nervous system depression
Which of the following are accurate: (select all that apply)
Yellowish-green, cloudy, thick mucus is often an indication of a bacterial infection
Rusty or dark-colored sputum is usually a sign of pneumococcal pneumonia
Very large amounts of purulent sputum with foul odor may be associated with bronchiectasis
Blood-tinged sputum may result from chronic cough or may also be a sign of TB or a tumor
Blood-tinged (bright red) frothy sputum is usually associated with pulmonary edema
Which of the following are accurate associations between breath sounds and disease states: (select all that apply)
Rhonchi: acute bronchitis
Stridor: cold/flu
Vesicular: asthma
Rales: pneumonia
Wheezing: upper airway obstruction
Dyspnea may be due to decreased O2 or increased CO2.
Orthopnea, in which dyspnea occurs upon lying down, is usually due to pulmonary congestion.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is commonly associated with:
left-sided congestive heart failure
hypersensitivity pneumonitis
obstructive sleep apnea
cystic fibrosis
A lobar pneumonia may spread to the pleural cavity and become an empyema.
Atypical pneumonia, often associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a type of interstitial pneumonia affecting the areas between the alveoli.
Which of the following are true regarding cystic fibrosis? (select all that apply)
it is an inherited (genetic) disorder
primarily affects lungs and pancreas
common infections in these pts include P. aeruginosa and S. aureus
it may obstruct bile ducts
may obstruct vas deferens (in males) and cervix (in females)
sweat may contain high salt content
Malabsorption, steatorrhea, abdominal distention, and frequent respiratory infections are all indicative of what disease?
Goodpasture's syndrome
COPD
Cystic fibrosis
TB
Wegener's granulomatous
The exocrine gland dysfunction associated with cystic fibrosis may result in what sequelae? (select all that apply)
Diabetes mellitus
Biliary cirrhosis
Electrolyte imbalance and dehydration
Infertility
Cor pulmonale
Adenocarcinomas and bronchoalveolar cell carcinomas are usually found on periphery of lungs.
Aspiration may result in:
pneumonia
respiratory distress syndrome
pulmonary abscess
A & C only
All of the above
Which of the following are contributing factor to emphysema? (select all that apply)
Genetic deficiency
Genetic tendency
Cigarette smoking
Pathogenic bacteria
Viral infection
Advanced emphysema may cause: (select all that apply)
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary HTN
Atelectasis
Adjacent damaged alveoli may coalesce to form large air spaces and large blebs may rupture causing pneumothorax in this disorder:
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
wegener's granulomatous
Fixation of ribs in an respiratory position, increased anterior-posterior diameter of thorax (barrel chest), and a flattened diaphragm (on radiographs) are all signs of:
Chronic ___________ lung disorders may result from long-term exposure to irritating particles, resulting in inflammation and gradual destruction of connective tissue.
obstructive
restrictive
