The primary role of the pharmacist is largely focused around:
medication consumption (e.g., to screen for contraindications and drug–drug interactions)
to serve as the physician’s resource for information about medical therapies
to provide patient education about medications
A only
A, B, and C
Which healthcare professional has the most in quantity?
Nurses
Physicians
Pharmacists
Pharmacy technicians
None of the above
The motivation of a professional shares this theme with Concordia's mission:
helping students
religious roots
service to others
development of mind, body, & spirit
none of the above
The “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” refers to the:
Definition of pharmaceutical care
Definition of health by the World Health Organization
Definition of health by Healthy People 2010
To reduce health care costs, the patient should avoid the hospital emergency room for a(n) _________ problem, and should go to a physician office, urgent care center, or a clinic setting, instead.
Immediate
Non-urgent
Emergent
Select the false statement.
In 2006, males tended to have lower average number of prescriptions including refill than females.
In 2006, males tended to have higher average number of prescriptions including refill than females.
All of the above
The uninsured rate in the US in 2010 is around
0% (the US has socialized medicine and everyone is covered)
1.63%
16.3%
100%
Incident-to-billing can be used in which of the following practice settings:
A hospital-based clinic
An independent clinic
A community pharmacy
A dependent hospital
Ethnicity can be:
One’s race, religion, ancestry, national origin or symbolic identification
Biological variation including phenotypical differences in stature, skin color, hair color, facial shape
Other inherited characteristics that may or may not be mutually exclusive in each individual
B and C only
In 1905, the American Medical Association, with support from the Carnegie Foundation, commissioned a study of U.S. medical schools in response to decades of concern about the quality of medical education and training. The resulting Flexner Report is considered a benchmark in the history of medical education because it:
Recognized the pharmaceutical care model as the main model for improving health outcomes
stimulated licensing legislation and established new requirements pertaining to training lengths and quality standards in laboratories and other training facilities
RESULTED in the closure of all medical schools that did not meet established quality criteria
The health care system in the United States has been described as a “sickness system” developed for acute disease rather than prevention or reduction of chronic disease.
Cost is the biggest factor or reason for not having health insurance. The current healthcare reform provides provisions and incentives to lower this barrier.
According to the definition of Quality (in healthcare), it is intended to increase:
repeatability of health care interventions
predictability of patient outcomes
care efficacy and reimbursement efficiency
desired health outcomes
patient satisfaction
In 2006, the average number of prescription drug purchases is greater by the “poor” than for the “middle income” or “high income.”
Primary prevention initiatives in public health typically
cost more than secondary efforts
focuses on education and/or health policy
reverses genetic disease
target individuals rather than populations
As discussed in the Public Health lecture, how many Essential Public Health Services are there?
8
10
12
6
According to Dr. Arneson’s lecture the most common type of community pharmacy is:
Chain
Independent
Supermarket
Mass merchandise
According to a JAMA report in 1995, 78% of system failures and errors can be attributed to:
Unlimited information access
Limited information access
Lacking standardization
Select the true statement about drug development:
preclinical testing is the first step that focuses on human testing.
Clinical phase I subjects are unhealthy individuals.
Clinical phase II subjects have the targeted disease.
Clinical phase III subjects are healthy individuals.
Some of the advantages of unit dose or unit of use include(s):
Reduction in medication errors
More efficient use of RPh and RN time
less accurate billing / more crediting of meds
a and b
a, b, and c
For a patented prescription drug, the slope of the demand curve will likely stay the same after introduction of a generic version because the same number of patients need the drug.
The majority of patients in hospice care are
released to home care
released to assisted living
released to skilled nursing
released to CCRCs
Post marketing surveillance is also known as
side effecting tracing
toxicology monitoring
Phase IV
recall monitoring
Hospitals are licensed by The Joint Commission (formerly JCAHO).
Hospitals have reacted to Medicare PPS and insurance plan capitation by
increasing use of PAs and NPs
performing more services on an inpatient basis
increasing outpatient services offered
requiring minimum patient stay lengths
requiring prior approvals
Ambulatory care has grown in the past several decades due to
Medicare PPS implementation
positive patient experiences
technological advances
HMOs
All of the professional pharmacy organizations below have a focus on professional advocacy EXCEPT
ASHP
APhA
NCPA
PSW
Hospital emergency rooms are high-cost, high capability entities making them a good fit for only a small portion of healthcare cases.
All of the following contribute to increased competition EXCEPT:
open information
available substitute goods
lower barriers to entry
many market participants
a strong patient and copyright system
A New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to the FDA
to request approval for marketing a new drug
prior to phase IV clinicals
to request approval to begin phase I clinicals
A & B only
The following statements concerning the Veterans Administration are true:
The VA system includes medical centers, outpatient clinics and community clinics
VA pharmacists provide a large variety of clinical services
Ambulatory services available through the VA are restricted to combat related illnesses
A and B
Funding for delivery of Mental Health services
follows the 1910 Flexner recommendation
is nearly all state-based
has shifted amongst payors for many years
is nearly all federally-based
Phase one clinical trials focus on
long term safety and effectiveness
safety, side effects, and preliminary dosing
comparison to other therapy
efficacy and dose ranging
Select the false statement about mental health and substance abuse:
Cost is the #1 barrier for not receiving mental health treatment
The DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is used by clinicians to diagnose mental disorders.
An extremely small percentage of Americans (<1%) are estimated to have a mental disorder in their lifetime.
Lifetime prevalence for a mental or substance disorder is approximately 32%-48%
Select the true statement.
The Maximum Data System (MDS) is a form for nursing home resident assessment and care screening.
The Minimum Data Set (MDS) is a form for nursing home resident assessment and care screening.
The Maximum Data Set (MDS) is a form for nursing home resident assessment and care screening.
The Minimum Data System (MDS) is a form for nursing home resident assessment and care screening.
The long term care continuum is correctly indicated in which progression:
Day Services ⇒ Self Care ⇒ Home Care/Nursing Care ⇒ Independent Living ⇒Assisted Living ⇒ Skilled Nursing ⇒ Hospice
Home Care/Nursing Care ⇒ Self Care ⇒ Day Services ⇒ Independent Living ⇒ Assisted Living ⇒ Skilled Nursing ⇒ Hospice
Self-Care ⇒ Day Services ⇒ Home Care/Nursing Care ⇒ Independent Living ⇒ Assisted Living ⇒ Skilled Nursing ⇒ Hospice
With respect to risk management, the possibility of loss but no gain (for example fires and storms) is considered:
Pure risk
Indemnity
Speculative risk
We are projected to run out of bar codes
in 10-15 years
in 15-30 years
in over 100 years
not projected - depends on rate of new drug approval
Many patients of employer-based insurance plans suffering from a mental or substance disorder avoid diagnosis or treatment.
The passage of Medicare and Medicaid led to
A decrease in the number of prescriptions
An increase in the number of prescriptions
An increase in the cost of non-legend drugs
A decrease in the cost of non-legend drugs
Hospitals are accredited by:
American Medical Association (AMA)
American Hospital Association (AHA)
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
The Joint Commission (TJC)
The federal government often intercedes in healthcare when
Market failure prevents healthcare access
Safety of a product must be assured
practitioners must be licensed
A & B
A, B, & C
The Medicare program is administered by the CMS.
Pick the correct order for increasing educational requirements and compensation:
PT -> BSN -> RN
MD -> Social Worker -> LPN
MD -> DO -> PharmD
LPN -> RN -> APN
APN -> LPN -> RN
While health care reform laws have been proposed and debated in congress during multiple presidential administrations including Truman and most recently Clinton, the 2010 reforms represent the first passage of any federal reform law.
An example(s) of socialized medicine is which of the following:
United States
Cuba
Japan
The type of health care system where the government participates in or enforces participation in the country’s health care system, employs health care practitioners, owns health care facilities, and administers the health care system is:
Social security
Socialized medicine
Socialized health insurance
Social partnership
Services of PBMs include all of the following except:
recruiting physician networks
formulary management
academic counter-detailing
mail order prescription service
claims adjudication
Diagnosis-related groups are the basis for:
some capitated insurance plans
Medicare PPS
ICD-9
HMOs typically employ several characteristic strategies including
capitation
risk pools
gatekeepers
