all

Vagus

All reflex

Sympathetic

Rest/digest

the arachnoid is the strongest of the meningeal layers

the subarachnoid space drains into the 4th ventricle

arachnoid villi return CSF to the blood

the epidural space is found above the brain

most of the CSF flows in the epidural space

are within the CNS

all possess epinephrine receptors

found in ganglia

found in the ventral root

found in the dorsal root ganglion

moves from the ventricles into the choroid plexus

flows from 3rd into lateral ventricle, then into the 4th

moves into the blood from the subarachnoid space

flows from capillaries into the arachnoid villi

it is produced by arachnoid villi

somatic postganglionic axons

parasympathetic preganglionic axons

parasympathetic postganglionic axon terminals

sympathetic preganglionic axons

sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic axons

they are the lumps we find in sympathetic nerves

close to sympathetic target organs

can be found at the distal end of cranial nerve X

located to the side of the spinal cord

found at the end of all splanchnic nerves

the brain does not discriminate ANS pain well

the stomach is an example of sympathetic-only control

blood vessels are parasympathetic only organs

renal activity decreases when parasympathetic stimulation increases

flight/flight causes gastric blood vessel dilation

parasympathetic postganglionic axons

all parasympathetic effectors

sympathetic postganglionic neurons and effectors

postganglionic dendrites

all preganglionic neurons plus parasympathetic effectors

sometimes called nicotinic receptors

found on all sympathetic dendrites

found on sympathetic axonal endings

they are examples of a muscarinic receptor

usually stimulatory

localized effects with a short duration

long lasting and widespread effects

short duration with widespread effects

most organs are controlled by sympathetic-only circuits

exhibit widespread effects if in pelvic splanchnic nerves

they release muscarine or ACh

they are found on all postganglionic dendrites

mostly found on somatic effectors

would be found in reproductive organs

found only on parasympathetic postganglionic dendrites

heart rate control

gastric control

releasing an enzyme from the kidney

respiratory control

reproductive function

hypothalamus

medulla oblongata

spinal cord segments

thalamus

epithalamus

white ramus contains somatic axons

dorsal root contains preganglionic axons

ventral roots that serve lumbar sacral nerves contain vagus axons

ventral horn contains motor cell bodies

gray ramus contains preganglionic axons

all parasympathetic function would cease

heart rate would decrease if the person enters fight/flight

heart rate would immediately increase

there will be a problem with blood vessel control

we would lose sympathetic control to a large part of the body

spinal nerves split into dorsal and ventral roots after exiting the intervertebral foramina

ventral rami serve skin and muscles of the back

plexuses arise from the junction of a dorsal and ventral root

spinal nerves are branching networks formed by the junction of adjacent ventral rami

ventral rami contain more axons than dorsal rami

filum terminale is the cone shaped tip of the spinal cord

conus medularis is a modification of the pia mater

filum terminale is a C.T. extension of the dura mater

conus medularis does not extend to the top of the sacrum

cauda equina anchor the spinal cord in position

an IPSP

heat

an electrical shock somewhere in the body

pain

nothing

the surface of an axon is wrapped with endomysium

epineurium wraps an entire tract

perineurium wraps an entire nerve

endoneurium directly touches neurofibrils

endoneurium is found in splanchnic nerves

efferent - ascending - sensory

afferent - dorsal root - sensory

efferent - motor - dorsal root

ascending - sensory - efferent

descending - dorsal root - efferent

dorsal root ganglia contain postganglionic cell bodies

all ganglia belong to one of the ANS branches

terminal ganglia are associated with efferent pathways

paravertebral ganglia are associated with rest/digest functions

prevertebral and terminal ganglia are both sympathetic

proprioceptors

itch receptor

Meisner corpuscle

Pascinian corpuscle

muscle spindle

perceptual detection is the highest stage of sensory processing

transduction occurs at the receptor level

generator potentials are at least 30 mV

receptor potentials are all-or-none

processing at receptor level is higher than processing at circuit level

all postganglionic neurons would release neurotransmitter

all sympathetic effects will be stimulated

the intestines will experience increased activity

presynaptic neurons will be prevented from firing

postganglionic neurons will be inhibited

perceptual processing

understanding the location of a stimulus

knowing the strength of a stimulus

being able to distinguish between submodes

transduction

stretch

deep tendon

crossed extensor

flexor

ANS

specific ascending pathways relay body position information

perceptual detection occurs in the diencephalon

all ascending pathways terminate in the frontal cortex

fixed action patterns are physical circuitry in the spinal cord

spinothalamic tracts are sensory

feature abstraction

perceptual level processing

quality discrimination

transduction

magnitude estimation

aortic

esophageal

pulmonary

intestinal

it does not contribute to any of these plexuses

CPGs are part of the autonomic nervous system

basal nuclei are always sensory

association circuits in the spinal cord are called specific descending pathways

CPGs are mostly found in the hypothalamus

determining texture requires feature abstraction

white matter of the spinal cord

dorsal root

posterior horn

ventral horn

ventral root

pressure receptors

Golgi tendon organs

proprioceptors

photoreceptors

muscle spindles

organs receive innervation from both branches of the ANS

when one branch of the ANS increases an activity, the other decreases it

constant partial stimulation occurs, even at rest

vasomotor tone is in effect

sympathetic can override parasympathetic

Wallerian degeneration would only occur in the CNS

tracts may repair but nerves do not

oligodendrocytes form the regrowth tunnel in the CNS

axon growth rate is 1-5 cm per day

distal damage is more likely to successfully repair than proximal

oculomotor - nerve II

trigeminal - nerve VI

trochlear - nerve VI

abducens - nerve XI

vestibulocochlear - nerve VIII

iris of the eye

smooth muscle

intestines

rectus abdominis

sweat glands

somatic postganglionic axons are found in the dorsal root

sympathetic postganglionic axons are in thoracolumbar roots

all ganglia contain synapses

nicotinic receptors are on dendrites found in sympathetic ganglia

postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies are found in the brain stem

the opthalmic branch of trochlear nerve serves the eyes

oculomotor serves only oblique eye muscles

accessory nerve controls speech and swallowing

trochlear nerve controls oblique eye muscles

none of these is true

all preganglionic dendrites possess cholinergic receptors

adrenergic receptors are found on postganglionic sympathetic neurons

muscarinic receptors are found on parasympathetic postganglionic dendrites

glands are autonomic effectors

sympathetic effectors all release norepinephrine

the phrenic nerve is found in the brachial plexus

the sacral plexus contains the femoral nerve

the lumbar plexus contains the sciatic nerve

the "funny bone" is the ulna

the median nerve serves flexors

receptor, stimulus, integration center, effector

sensory neuron, receptor, integration center, motor neuron, effector

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, pre-ganglionic, postganglionic, effector

stimulus, receptor, cerebellum, motor neuron, effector

pre-ganglionic, postganglionic, stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, integration center

sympathetic preganglionic axons

parasympathetic preganglionic axons

most sensory neurons

sympathetic postganglionic axons

parasympathetic postganglionic axons

we are under parasympathetic dominance most of the time

thermoregulation is a parasympathetic-only function

parasympathetic can override sympathetic under most conditions

the heart is under sympathetic dominance most of the time

most of the ANS control comes from the cerebral cortex

sensation is defined as approximately 1% of the total stimuli

all motor neuron cell bodies are in the CNS

reducing blood glucose level is due to sympathetic activity

100% of sensation normally reaches the sensory cortex

fight/flight activity causes decreased norepinephrine release

chemoreceptor

visceroceptor

pressoceptor

exteroceptor

nociceptor

they fire IPSPs when a muscle is stretched

they are a form of pressure receptor

send information to the cerebellum

they fire an action potential when the muscle is relaxed

considered to be the same as a golgi tendon organ

muscle spindle

joint kinesthetic receptor

the ear

photoreceptor

golgi tendon organ

itch receptor

Ruffini's corpuscle

Meisner corpuscle

Merkel disc

nociceptor

there are a total of 31 spinal nerves

capillaries in the blood/brain barrier have the thinnest basement membranes

gap junctions are found in blood/brain barrier capillaries

spinal cord columns are gray matter

spinocerebellar tracts inform the cerebellum of body position

hemiplegia can also be called a spinal cord transect

paraplegia always affects the lower limbs

a cord transection in the T5 region results in quadriplegia

paraplegia can affect either the upper or lower limbs

none of these is true

it is a compound but not a molecule

does not participate in chemical reactions

called cytoplasm if found intercellularly

none is true

hallux - little finger

sural - calf

popliteal - elbow

crural - forehead

brachial - forearm

RNA is produced in the cytoplasm and used in the nucleus

damage to DNA in one liver cell will kill the liver

RNA is nice to have in a cell, but not necessary

RNA must not be damaged or the cell will die

damage to DNA is potentially deadly to a cell

an organic compound

glucose

phospholipid

triglyceride

amino acids

epigastric

lumbar

iliac

hypochondriac

hypogastric

voltage is chemical kinetic energy

membrane potential is considered kinetic energy

membrane potential is a form of mechanical energy

membrane potential is an osmotic process

a semipermeable membrane is required for membrane potential

the brain is found in the ventral cavity

a reasonable name for the ventral cavity could be: inferior cavity

the thoracic cavity is interior to the abdominal cavity

the ventral cavity is superior to the dorsal cavity

the dorsal cavity is posterior to the ventral cavity

AB --> A + B is an example of an exergonic reaction

CD --> C + D is a synthesis reaction

A + B --> AB is a decomposition reaction

A+B+C+D --> AB + CD is an exchange reaction

an single enzyme catalyzes many different reaction types

the term "polyunsaturated" means many double covalent bonds

saturated fat - contain no oxygen at all

triglycerides contain a fatty acid plus 3 glycerols

phospholipids are charged at the lipid end

neutral fat - contains only charged phospholipid

glucose is considered a compound and contains oxygen

an organelle is the smallest living structure in the body

enzymes are alive but antibodies are not

antibodies are considered living organic compounds

DNA is an inorganic compound

the cell membrane is typically impermeable to everything except opxygen

cell membranes are composed mostly of triglycerides and some cholesterol

cell membranes are constructed of phosphocholesterol

phosphotriglycerides are required to stabilize the membrane

plasma membrane pores are transmembrane proteins

olecranal - hand

femoral - leg

acromial - point of the elbow

cubital - heel

pollex - thumb

elastin

antibody

enzyme

hormone

all are structural

osmosis requires ATP under some circumstances

high solute concentration results in high osmotic pressure

the Na/K pump is a form of facilitated diffusion

osmosis is the bulk transport of water

water wants to move away from solutes

maintaining a set point is characteristic of negative feedback

most normal control mechanisms are positive feedback

blood pressure is under positive feedback control

sweating when too cold is an example of negative feedback

homeostatic imbalance is usually a form of negative feedback

manus - hand

mental - forehead

fibular - part of the forearm

leg - antebrachium

caudal - another name for foot

cholesterol is required to convert an enzyme to fat

sucrase is an example of a carbohydrase

most lipids are inorganic

organic glucose is better for you than inorganic glucose

amino acids are inorganics that contain nitrogen

life processes require a fast rate of chemical reactions

people survive longer than normal without oxygen IF their body has been rapidly warmed

cold will increase the rate of diffusion

higher solute concentration means slower chemical rates

smaller particle size means slower chemical reaction rates

desmosomes can be found in the skin

tight junctions are found in the heart

microvilli are attached to the cell by tight junctions

desmosomes possess connexons

microvilli increase membrane potential

similar charges are attracted to each other

6 electrons are being shared in a triple covalent bond

weight is always the same as mass

opposite charges repel each other

hydrogen bonds are stronger than ionic bonds

increasing particle size will increase the reaction rate

active membrane transport is powered by ADP

enzymes are necessary for all forms of membrane transport

phagocytosis is a good example of an active process

called passive if the substance goes up its concentration gradient

a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution will gain net water

a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution will stay the same size

a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution will look like a raisin

a red blood cell in an isotonic solution will gain water

a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution will shrink

meninges are found in the dorsal cavity

parietal peritoneum is found covering an organ

parietal pleura lines the inside of the lungs

visceral pericardium covers the lung

pleural membranes are found on the heart

parasagittal and transverse

midsagittal and frontal

frontal and transverse

parasagittal and frontal

frontal, sagittal, and transverse

a proton is an anion

chemical synthesis is an endergonic process

triglyceride contains one phosphate plus 2 fatty acids

bulk transport is an exergonic process

triglyceride could be called an anion

peripheral proteins are involved in cell recognition

some integral proteins are involved in cell recognition

proteins "float" in the phospholipid bilayer

peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of the membrane

all of these are correct

palms face posteriorly

hands are on the midline

heels are pointed laterally

head is facing dorsally

the little finger is medial to the thumb

lipids contain much oxygen

monosaccharides are also called simple sugars

sucrose is an example of a polysaccharide

maltose is a sucrose monosaccharide

testosterone is a steroid enzyme

the frontal plane physically divides the body into equal right and left parts

a transverse plane physically divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

a parasagittal plane physically divides the heart into equal halves

a frontal plane could go through the nose

a microscope is used to view plane

right hypochondriac region is in the lower right quadrant

left iliac region is superior to left lumbar region

right lumbar region is lateral to umbilical region

epigastric region is inferior to the hypochondriac region

lumbar region is superior to hypochondriac region

monosaccharide

water

protein

triglyceride

ammonia

the hand is medial to the thorax

the knees are inferior

the eyes are superior

the carpal is distal to the olecranal

the wrist is proximal to the elbow

cold typically causes it

cooling the protein will reverse the denaturation

affects all levels of protein structure except primary

covalent bonds are always broken

a pH of 7.0 will probably cause denaturation

stomach and intestines

lungs and heart

brain

spinal cord and trachea

all are true

sweating starts as body temperature rises

heart rate decreases when body activity level decreases

rising blood glucose causes increased insulin release

heart rate rises when exercise level increases

the air conditioner starts when the room becomes cold

the membrane is permeable to water

osmotic pressure will rise if we cut a hole in the membrane

more water will move toward the dilute side

solutes are moving through the membrane

osmotic pressure will rise if we make the membrane fully permeable

exocytosis requires ATP

visceral membranes are a form of meninges

all cells have the same shape

high metabolism means slow rates of chemical reactions

synthesizing RNA is an exergonic process

RNA is a single stranded sequence of amino acids

hydrogen bonds form the primary structure of DNA

only covalent bonds are found in DNA

hydrogen bonds are found in tertiary protein structure

RNA is held together by H-bonds

they bond water molecules to each other

easily broken by heat and acid

can be found in the structure of RNA

created when one atom takes an electron from another

an example is the attraction between sodium and chloride ions

the substance is an enzyme

we use the term to describe phospholipids

the material is an enzyme built from lipid

it is used to describe each RNA strand

none is correct

contains adenine and guanine

contains special covalent bonds called peptide bonds

is more complex than DNA

contains thymine

RNA is produced in the cytoplasm

suspension

solution

colloid

osmosis

none is true

all organic molecules contain protons

the hydrogen nucleus contains 1 proton and 1 neutron

smaller atoms have smaller electrons

protons in lithium are larger than protons in sodium

all elements contain neutrons

bases are always organic

a hydrogen ion can also be called a proton

a base is a compound that accepts sodium ions

acids are always organic

a potassium donor can be called an acid

they would be called a cellular anatomist

their field of study is cell physiology

we might consider them to be a gross anatomist

they would be a microscopic anatomist

none is true

there is a slight deviation from a set point

negative feedback is causing a disease state

positive feedback is usually present

the body is heading toward a set point

none is true

inferior - also called caudal

superior - away from the head

lateral - toward the midline of the body

intermediate - on the midline

proximal - father away from the body trunk

connects nucleotides together in RNA

connects the carbons together with glucose

repels the hydrogen end of one water from the oxygen end of another water

links amino acids in primary protein structre

connect the two strands of a DNA molecule to each oer

small substances like oxygen require specific transmembrane pores

oxygen can move directly through a phospholipid bilayer

facilitated diffusion protein carriers require ATP

glucose moves by active diffusion

water moves easily though impermeable membranes

more water will leave the cell than enter it

solutes will move from the cell into the solution

solutes will move into the cell while water leaves the cell

solutes will move from the solution into the cell

more water will enter the cell than leave it

simple squamous

simple cuboidal

simple columnar

pseudostratified

transitional

dense irregular

reticular

dense regular

areolar connective tissue

white fibrous

microvilli are a characteristic of pseudostratified epithelium

microvilli are found on all epithelial cells

goblet cells are found in transitional epithelium

glandular epithelium is considered to be stratified cuboidal

stratified columnar is relatively rare

simple squamous

stratified squamous

stratified cuboidal

transitional

stratified columnar

support

protection

calcium production

fat storage

blood cell formation

smooth and skeletal

only skeletal

cardiac and smooth

skeletal and cardiac

skeletal and smooth

neurons

neuroglia

nerves

macrophages

chondrocytes

the hypodermis is the innermost layer of the skin

it is a form of serous membrane

the papillary layer is superficial to the epidermis

it is also called a mucosal membrane

it is considered an epithelial membrane

corneum

lucidum

granulosum

spinosum

basale

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

DNA

the ribosome

keratinocytes

fibroblasts

hemocytoblasts

langerhan's cells

melanocytes

the RNA that coded for the protein was 203 nucleotides long

there were 201 codons in the mRNA that coded for the protein

it required 199 polyribosomes to make the protein

each tRNA must have possessed 201 anti-codons

each ribosome was 201 codons long

holocrine glands secrete by exocytosis

sebaceous cells die when they secrete

sudoriferous glands are found mostly in the axillary and pubic areas

most endocrine glands perform holocrine secretion

goblet cells possess small multicellular ducts

apocrine only

eccrine only

apocrine and eccrine

apocrine and sebaceous

sebaceous and eccrine

goblet cells are the smallest of the multicellular glands

unicellular glands can be found in some simple columnar epithelia

multicellular glands are often called transitional

endocrine glands are typically simple coiled tubular

goblet cells are part of all mucosal membranes

lacunae are the solid layers of calcified tissue found in bone

the central canal contains the largest osteocytes

perforating canals are found in hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage contains the lowest number of collagen fibers

canaliculi contain microscopic blood vessels and nerves

possesses a keratinized epithelium

integument lines cavities open to the outside environment

it is important in calcium production

consists of 3 layers: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

dense regular CT gives it it's strength

hematopoietic tissue in adults is found in most long bones

the epiphyseal plate is characteristic of bones in children

perforating fibers connect the endosteum to the bone

endosteum consists entirely of osteoblasts

periosteum lines the cavities within bone

the osteogenic layer contains only osteoblasts

endosteum contains only osteoclasts

another name for spongy bone in flat bones is diploe

hyaline cartilage lines the medullary cavity

the fibrous layer of the periosteum mostly consists of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

dense irregular

elastic

dense regular

areolar

reticular

red marrow is found in the osteons of infants

fetal bone contains a larger percentage inorganic materials than adult bone

lacunae are the solid rings of the bone found in Haversian systems

perforating canals run in the same direction as osteons

east osteon contains blood vessels and nerves

gene transcription must occur

tRNAs must match up with codons

mRNA must leave the nucleus

rRNA must be available

all are true

condyle - flat articular surface

epicondyle - pointed articular surface

process - rounded articular projection

foramen - depression in bone

none is correctly matched

endosteal destruction is faster in osteomalacia

osteoporosis is also called "soft bones"

the chemical compositions of bone in osteoporosis is normal

remodeling occurs before the formation of the bony callus

rickets is a form of osteoporosis in children

skeletal muscle is lightly striated

cardiac muscle cells possess many nuclei

smooth muscle is called "smooth" because the cell lacks striations

intercalated discs are a feature of smooth muscle

all of these are true

osteoid is inorganic

osteocytes are part of the inorganic components of bone

35% of bone composition is inorganic

65% of bone composition is organic

bone can withstand 15,000 PSI tension

trabeculae are part of compact bone

appositional growth is from within

all bones continue to grow throughout life

there are always exactly 206 bones in the skeleton

the girdles are part of the appendicular system

arrector pilli are a form of involuntary muscle

a tiny skeletal muscle is connected to each hair follicle

the connective tissue root sheath is in contact with the hair

the hair is a dermal derrivative

vellus hairs are thick coarse hairs

chromatin is tightly coiled DNA

DNA polymerase produces the mRNA strand

the nucleus is found within the nucleolus

a polyribosome consists of one mRNA with many ribosomes on it

DNA is in the chromosome form during translation

ramus

tuberosity

crest

spine

epicondyle

PTH is part of mechanical remodeling

PTH stimulates osteoblast activity

PTH causes decreased blood calcium

PTH stimulates osteoclast activity

PTH does not have much of a function in humans

tubercle

tuberosity

trochanter

crest

line

spine

crest

line

condyle

epicondyle

long

short

irregular

flat

None is correct

the costal cartilages are elastic

respiratory cartilages are formed of fibrocartilage

the external ear is hyaline cartilage

intervertebral discs are elastic cartilage

the menisci of the knee are fibrocartilage

Langerhans - chemical protection

sweat - physical barrier

squamous cells - chemical barrier

fibroblasts - found in the dermis

none of these are correctly paired

stratum granulosum

stratum spinosum

stratum basale

stratum corneum

stratum lucidum

bony callus

fibrocartilage callus

hematoma

remodeling

macrophages are not involved in repair

their outer surface is positively charged and their inner surface is negatively charged

they always have a basal surface and an apical surface

their outer surface is negatively charged and their inner surface is positively charged

they are hydrophilic

they contain phospholipids

all types of epithelial tissue stay together like sheets

cilia move things along the surface and are made of microfilaments

all connective tissue is very vascular

cartilage is vascular but has no nerve supply

none of these are true

meatus - slit like opening

fossa - canal-like passage

foramen - furrow

groove - indentation at the edge of a structure

fossa - shallow depression

epithelial root sheath

nail matrix

nail bed

connective root sheath

eponychium

most common sweat gland

simple coiled tubular gland

empties into a hair follicle

performs merocrine secretion

functions in thermoregulation

5, 6

6, 7

7, 8

9, 10

None of these is correct

RER

SER

lysosomes

Golgi

centrioles

metaphase

telophase

anaphase

prophase

cytokinesis

epidermis

reticular layer

hypodermis

papillary layer

fibrous layer

typically consists of closely packed cells

there is much ground substance and few cells

vascularity of epithelia varies

there are four basic cell shapes

stratified columnar is a common form of epithelium

mitosis is the longest part of the cell cycle

DNA is synthesized during mitosis

DNA is duplicated during the G phase of the cell cycle

cytokinesis is called division of the cytoplasm

cells only perform their normal functions during mitosis

primary and secondary ossification occurs in endochondral formation

primary ossification occurs later than secondary

the epiphyseal line is a characteristic of fetal bone

primary ossification occurs in the epiphysis

most long bones form by intramembranous ossification

light only needs to go through myosin in the H-zone

light only needs to go through actin in the H-zone

the H-zone proteins are thinner than I-band proteins

of overlapping sarcomeres

actin plus myosin overlap in the H-zone

pectoralis major

brachioradialis

deltoid

adductor longus

biceps femoris

Z-discs

calmodulin

possesses mitochondria

contains sarcoplasm

sarcomeres

tropomyosin is moved by troponin

sodium gates open

split ATP to ADP

calcium gates open

myosin grabs actin

the fibula bears only half the weight that the tibia does

of the two condyles of the tibia, fibula is closest to the medial condyle

the fibula is triangular in cross section

the patellar notch is found on the femur

medial malleolus is on the fibula

sacroiliac joint is between sacrum and L5

iliac fossa is the socket of the hip

phalanges are classified as short bones

the tarsus contains the talus

ischial tuberosity is part of the femur

sodium gates in the sarcolemma would remain open

the all-or-none response would not occur

ATP would be depleted (to zero) in the neuron

the motor neuron would not be able to generate an impulse

the muscle cell would not be able to contract

femur - largest bone in the upper limb

radius - head is distal

acromion - found on scapula

carpus - palm

fibula - proximal end possesses two condyles

weight that the muscle moves

load

distance from effort to resistance

point on which a lever moves

area where the muscle attaches

multi-unit - small intestine

multi-unit - large intestine

multi-unit - stomach

multi-unit - blood vessel wall

single unit - iris of the eye

actin shortens

neither actin nor myosin shortens