Excitatory Amino Acids - Glutamate

What is the principle excitatory amino acid found in all mammalian cells?

What can L-glutamate not cross?

Which conditions are associated with a malfunction in glutamate transmission?

What are the two subtypes of glutamate receptors?

What are the group 1 metabotropic receptors?

What are the group 2 metabotropic receptors?

What are the group 3 metabotropic receptors?

What is the glutamate transporter located on the postsynaptic membrane?

What are the transporters located on the astrocyte for the up take of glutamate?
Which ions are required?

What substances and which enzyme is required for the conversion of glutamate to glutamine?

Which transporter transports glutamate from the cytosol into vesicles?

What is the most likely transporter located on pre synpatic terminal?

Which enzyme converts glutamine to glutamate?

How many subunits are in an NMDA receptor and what are they?

How many transmembrane domains does each subunit have?

Which transmembrane domains make up the ligand binding domain?

What is S1?

What is S2?

Which transmembrane chain makes a re-entrant loop forming the pore of the channel?

Which ions can pass through an NMDA channel?

What are the three important properties of NMDA channels regarding Calcium, glycine and magnesium

Which subunit binds the glycine?

Which subunit binds the glutamate?

What are the sub categories of GluN2 receptors?

At what membrane potential is the magnesium block removed?

How does the pore open?

Which other type of receptor is usually present where NMDAR are found?
What is the purpose of this?

In terms of neuroplasticity what is the NMDA receptor and why?

What type of drugs can block an NMDA receptor?

Explain the shape of a NMDAR - I/V curve

What is eliprodil?
Where does it bind?
Which subunit is it selective for?

What are D-AP5 and D-CPPene?

What are Kynuernate and 5-7 dichlorokynurenic acid?

Where do ketamine, memantine, PCP and MK-801 all bind? What does this make them?

What does NMDA stand for?

Which binds with more affinity, R-AP5 or R-CPPene?

What is an agonist for the glycine binding site?

What determines the affinity of Glycine to the Glu1 subunit?

What is D-serine released from?

Where is kynurenate produced from? What more potent drug has been developed from it?

What is memantine used to treat?
What is its affinity like?

Which are the two high affinity channel blockers?

How much higher is MK-801 affinity than ketamines? what is its dissociaton rate like?

What causes the tonic activation of NMDARs in alzheimer's disease?

How do solid B-amyloid plaques cause tonic activation of NMDARs?

What is the effect of tonic background noise and what effect does this have on normal physiological signals?

In terms of membrane potentials why is memantine effective?

Why is MK-801 not useful clinically in terms of membrane potentials?

What effect might memantine have on neurodegeneration?

What are the 2 main physiological roles of NMDARs?

What are the two processes within synaptic plasticity mediated by NMDARs?

Which two factors determine whether LTP or LTD are induced?

What happens when you stimulate the Schaffer collateral pathway in the hippocampus at 100Hz for 1 sec? Why?

What happens when you stimulate the schaffer collateral pathway in the hippocampus at 1Hz for 15 mins?
Why?

How can you test that NMDAR are involved in LTD and LTP induction?

What are the four main pathophysiological roles of NMDA receptors?