3.3: Organisms exchange substances with their environment

3.3.1: Surface area to volume ratio

What is the relationship between size and surface area to volume ratio?

What is the relationship between size and metabolic rate?

How does surface area to volume ratio affect exchange of substances with the environment?

What are some adaptations that can increase surface area to volume ratio?

3.3.2 Gas exchange

What is Fick's Law?

How do single-celled organisms exchange gases with their environment?

How do insects exchange gases with their environment?

How are insects adapted to increase the rate of diffusion of gases?

What does the gas exchange network of an insect look like?

How do fish exchange gases with their environment?

How are fish adapted to increase the rate of diffusion of gases?

What does the gas exchange system of a fish look like?

How do plants exchange gases with their environment?

How are plants adapted to increase the rate of diffusion of gases?

What does the gas exchange system of a plant look like?

How do terrestrial insects reduce water loss through their gas exchange network?

How do plants reduce water loss through their gas exchange network?

What does the structure of a guard cell look like?

How does the structure of a guard cell relate to its function?

What is the term for a plant specially adapted to reduce its water loss?

How do mammals exchange gases with their environment?

What organs make up the human gas exchange system?

What does the human gas exchange system look like?

What does the structure of an alveolus look like?

How does the structure of an alveolus relate to its function?

What is ventilation?

How is air drawn into the lungs during inspiration?

How is air forced out of the lungs during expiration?

What does the structure of the thorax look like?

What is pulmonary ventilation rate (PVR)?

How can lung disease affect ventilation?

What are risk factors associated with lung disease?

How can the impact of these risk factors be reduced?

What is the difference between correlation and causation?

3.3.3: Digestion and absorption

What is digestion?

How are carbohydrates digested?

How are lipids digested?

How are proteins digested?

What is co-transport?

How is the ileum adapted to absorb products of digestion?

What are the steps involved in co-transport of substances into the ileum?

3.3.4.1 Mass transport in animals

What is haemoglobin?

What does the structure of haemoglobin look like?

What is 'loading'?

What is 'unloading'?

What is affinity?

What is the oxygen dissociation curve?

How does the structure of haemoglobin change after each successive oxygen molecule associates with its heme groups?

What is the Bohr effect?

What causes the Bohr effect?

What effect does the Bohr effect have on the oxygen dissociation curve?

What does the Bohr effect look like on an oxygen dissociation curve?

What are some adaptations to the haemoglobin of animals?

What is the pattern of blood circulation in mammals?

What is the name of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle with oxygenated blood?

What are the four main blood vessels carrying blood to and from the heart?

What is the name of the blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood to the kidneys?

What are the names of the four heart chambers?

What are the names of the four main heart valves?

What does the structure of the heart look like?

What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

What happens during the atrial systole phase?

What happens during the ventricular systole phase?

What happens during the diastole phase?

What does a graph of the cardiac cycle mapping chamber pressure look like?

What is the change to pressure of the heart's chambers during the cardiac cycle?

What is the change to volume of the heart's chambers during the cardiac cycle?

Why is it important that pressure is maintained in the heart?

What are the four main blood vessels in the body?

What is the structure of a vein like?

What does the structure of a vein look like?

How does the structure of a vein relate to its function?

What is the structure of an artery like?

What does the structure of an artery look like?

How does the structure of an artery relate to its function?

What is the structure of an arteriole like?

What does the structure of an arteriole look like?

How does the structure of an arteriole relate to its function?

What is the structure of a capillary like?

What does the structure of a capillary look like?

How are capillaries effective as exchange surfaces?

What is tissue fluid?

How is tissue fluid formed?

How does tissue fluid return to the capillaries?

What is the lymphatic system?

What is cardiac output?

What are some risk factors associated with heart disease?

3.3.4.2 Mass transport in plants

What is the xylem?

What is transpiration?

How does water move across the cells of a leaf?

How does water enter the xylem?

How does water move up the xylem?

What is cohesion-tension theory?

What evidence is there for cohesion-tension theory?

What is phloem?

What is translocation?

How does sucrose enter the phloem?

What is mass flow?

How does sucrose mass flow through the phloem?

What evidence is there supporting the mass flow hypothesis?

What evidence is there opposing the mass flow hypothesis?

How can radioactive isotopes be used to test the mass-flow hypothesis?

How can ringing be used to test the mass-flow hypothesis?