Ecology is the study of interactions and relationships of organisms with surrounding biotic and abiotic components.
The levels of ecology from smallest to largest are:
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What is the most important abiotic parameter defining species distribution?
Temperature
Habitat
Ecological roles
Oxygen levels
What is the ecological "space" a species fills?
Niche
Population
Community
Abiotic parameter
Biotic parameter
Select all the phyla that belong in the animal kingdom:
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
Pteridophyta
A diploblast triploblast( diploblast, triploblast ) has two germ layers and a triploblast diploblast( triploblast, diploblast ) has three germ layers.
A deuterostome is anus mouth( anus, mouth ) first and a protostome is mouth anus( mouth, anus ) first.
A unique characteristic of animals is that all were developed from a , a hollow ball of embryonic cells.
A unique characteristic of animals is that all have cell adhesion molecules: including and .
A unique characteristic of animals is all have cell junctions including , , and
A unique characteristic of animals is all have an extracellular matrix containing .
Label the graphic in terms of fundamental niche and realized niche.
A fundamental realized( fundamental, realized ) niche includes all acceptable conditions which a species can occupy while a realized fundamental( realized, fundamental ) niche is a subset of suitable conditions that a species occupies.
Pair the animals to their correct type in the survivorship curve.
What survivorship curve would you expect for sea turtle populations?
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Growth is limited by resources.
What is the term for a resource in short supply?
Limited resource
Limited factor
Carrying capacity
What is the term for the largest population that an environment can support?
Carry capacity
Complete niche
Maximum capacity
Exponential growth
At carrying capacity, birth rates are equal to greater than less than( equal to, greater than, less than ) death rates.
Populations fluctuate flourish diminish( fluctuate, flourish, diminish ) around carrying capacity.
A density-independent effect impact is proportional to number of individuals in an area.
Select all the CORRECT statements about competition:
Competition reduces the fitness of BOTH parties.
Competition occurs when resources are limited.
Competition can be intraspecific or interspecific.
Competition is a density-independent effect.
Populations of predator and prey tend to oscillate when a predator relies on a single prey species
What does this image depict?
Resource partitioning
Limited resources
Realized niches
Interspecies competition
is determined by a series of "decisions" made in early development that become the programmed identity of cells with a point of no return.
is the first cell divisions where zygotic contents partition among smaller cells.
is the formation of gut and other germ layer(s) in addition to ectoderm.
is the development of organismal form and/or shape.
A zygote subdivides into smaller cells called .
Cell fates are closely linked to germ layers.
Name the type of cleavage shown:
Gradients of morphogens can be established in what ways?
Unequal distribution in the zygote.
Production of morphogens from specific cells.
Inheriting of morphogens from parent cell.
Equal distribution in the zygote.
Early development requires two processes:
Pattern formation
Differentiation
Development of mitochondria
Mitosis
Which statement best describes competitive relationship:
Two species of birds that live harmoneously in the same oak tree.
A north Georgia bobcat and a cougar population that both prey on cottontail rabbits.
A nematode that infects a white-footed mouse by tropic transmission.
A barnacle that resides on the underbelly of a whale shark.
Which statement best describes a parasitic relationship:
A white-footed mouse infected by a nematode through tropic transmission.
Two species of birds that reside in the same oak tree.
A Central American squirrel monkey that eats bananas and ants and a Geoffroy's spider monkey that eats starfruit and flies in the same Costa Rican rainforest region.
Two species of tropical fish that live in different locations in the same coral reef.
Which is an example of an amensalism relationship:
A black walnut tree secreting the chemical, juglone, killing all it's neighboring plants.
Two species of birds harmoniously living at different level branches in the same oak tree.
Two species of lizards eating the same type of fly in a local coastal marsh.
A swamp rabbit and a marsh rabbit inhabiting different regions in Georgia.
Select the example of mutualistic relationship:
Two species of birds harmoniously living on different branch levels of the same oak tree.
A population of Northwestern salmon with more males than females during breeding season.
The bread mold Penicillium secreting penicillin to that chemical kills bacteria.
A nematode that infects the white-footed mouse by trophic transmission.
Select the example of a commensalistic relationship:
A clownfish that live amid the tentacles of the anemones which protects them from predators.
Two species of birds that live harmoniously on different level branches of the same oak tree.
A nematode that infects the white-footed mouse via trophic transmission.
A marsh rabbit and a swamp rabbit that migrated to different wetland regions in Georgia.
Theories exist that explain the method in which multicellularity arose in animals. Which theory has the most evidentiary support in the scientific community?
Symbiotic relationship between protist species.
Ancestral colonial protist
Cellularization: multinucleate protist ancestor evolves membranes around nuclei.
All have equal support in the scientific community.
According to this phylogenetic tree, annelids are most closely related to _____.
arthropods
molluscs
nematodes
cnidarians
platyhelminths
According to this phylogenetic tree, the clade that includes echinoderms and chordates is most closely related to the clade that includes _____.
poriferans
According to this phylogenetic tree, cnidarians are most closely related to _____.
annelids
echinoderms
According to this phylogenetic tree, chordates are most closely related to _____.
pariferans
This phylogenetic tree indicates that mammals are most closely related to _____.
sharks, rays, and chimaeras
ray-finned fishes
tunicates
reptiles
amphibians
According to this phylogenetic tree, the animals most closely related to reptiles and mammals are _____.
lampreys
lancelets
The group in the red box is
monophyletic
polyphyletic
paraphyletic
Accurate taxonomy is based on
monophyly
paraphyly
polyphyly
a combination of monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly.
Select all the scenarios that are considered density-independant:
A coastal region experiencing a flood from heavy spring rains
A costa rican population of spider monkeys experiencing a food shortage for the first time in a decade
A wildfire that is destroyed 100 acres of Redwood forest in California.
A population of gray squirrels experiencing an increase in predation by the red fox population.
A local farm introducing a new pesticide to corn that targets the short-horned grasshopper.
A town in New Hampshire whose landfills will be at max capacity in less than one year.
A population of coyotes that is experiencing an increased occurrence of mange.
Several countries in South America lost 10% of their population due to experiencing a 8.5 magnitude earthquake.
Select all the scenarios that are density-dependent:
A category 5 hurricane caused an atlantic coastal town to lose 10% of their population.
A wildfire swept through 10 western US farming counties and killed thousands of acres of crops.
A population of gray squirrels is experiencing a shortage of food for the first time in a decade.
A population of cottontail rabbits is experiencing an increase in predation by a population of red fox.
A town in Vermont is experiencing an influx and overflow in their local sewer system.
A population of white-tailed deer is experiencing an influx in lyme disease.
A population of Northwestern African cheetah has in influx in male cheetahs to female cheetahs during mating season, causing the males to compete for mates.
A local farm is introducing a new pesticide to their corn to target the short-horned grasshopper.
A 8.5 magnitude earthquake destroyed the water supply and killed 500 people across 3 South American countries.
What states that two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist?
The Principle of Competitive Exclusion
The Theory of Multicellularity
The Principle of Resource Partitioning
The Theory of Evolution
All of the following factors led to exponential human population growth about a thousand years ago EXCEPT:
Reduction in disease
Reduction in human waste
increase in food supply
colder climate
expansion of habitat
All cells in the human body are genomically equal except for sex cells.
This image depicts a morphogen gradient that is equally distributed.
In conditional specification, cells secrete morphogens gradients genes mesoderm cytoplasm( morphogens, gradients, genes, mesoderm, cytoplasm ) to influence nearby cells to differentiate.
Select all the correct statements about mosaic cleavage:
patterns arise from cytoplasmic specification
heavily influenced by maternal effect gene products in the egg.
protostomes
deuterstomes
cell fate is fixed after first division
cell fate is NOT fixed after first division
cells "regulate" development of nearby undifferentiated cells by producing morphogens
patterns arise from induction
Select all the correct statements about regulative cleavage:
cell fate fixed after first division
heavily influenced by maternal effect gene products in the egg
cells "regulate" development of nearby cells by producing morphogens
Cytoplasmic specification Induction( Cytoplasmic specification, Induction ) is when blastomeres inherit different amounts of various morphogens during initial stages of zygote division.
Induction Cytoplasmic specification( Induction, Cytoplasmic specification ) is when morphogen concentrations drop as distance from source cells increases.
Pattern formation Differentiation( Pattern formation, Differentiation ) is where body regions and cell types will be formed.
Differentiation Pattern formation( Differentiation, Pattern formation ) is what type of cell will develop.
Gradients of morphogens identify major axes. The primary development axes are:
Anterior-posterior
Dorsal-ventral
Superficial-Deep
Distal-Medial
Primary morphogen gradients set up gradients in other morphogens.
Hox genes...
code for morphogens that define specific regions in the body.
contain a short sequence that codes for a homeobox domain.
are homeobox domains.
are morphogens.
are highly conserved genes.
are arranged in gene clusters.
are arranged in a radial formation.
explain consistency of early development among diverse animal phyla
explain the inconsistencies of development between animal phyla and plant phyla
The order of Hox genes represents where the gene will be expressed along an animal's anterior-posterior dorsal-ventral superficial-deep distal-medial( anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, superficial-deep, distal-medial ) axis.
Mutation in may explain major morphological changes in evolution.