Hematology and Immunology

What cells are derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells? (think- what are the components of a CBC with differential?)

A 17-year old girl notices a swollen lymph node in her neck and biopsy shows Reed-Sternberg cells. What disease is this?

A 7 year old girl has an elevated white blood cell count, easy bruising and fatigue. What should she be evaluated for?

A newborn baby shows signs of anemia and jaundice within the first 24 hours of life. What might he have?

A woman starts to feel exhausted and light-headed a week after beginning a course of penicillin. What is this?

A patient develops an itchy, raised, red rash 2 to 3 days after using a new brand of detergent. What is this?

A patient begins receiving a blood transfusion. He develops fever, chills, hypotension and DIC. What happened?

A child receives a bone marrow transplant from his healthy brother. Several months later he develops a rash, jaundice and diarrhea. What is this reaction?

An alcoholic man presents with anemia. Would you expect his mean corpuscular volume (MCV) to be high or low? What is he probably deficient in?

A 53-year old man has been feeling tired lately. His hemoglobin level is 8.0. What should you be sure to order?

An elderly woman has lung cancer. What might characterize her anemia for chronic disease?

What infection are blood-transfusion recipients at greatest risk for?

What causes TRALI (transfusion related acute lung injury?)

What characterizes TRALI clinically?

What is the most common metabolic side effect of massive blood transfusion?

What correlates to the severity of a febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction?

What is the risk of FFP transfusion?

What causes these allergic reactions?

What type of patients will have anaphylactic reactions?

A 1-year old child is brought to the pediatrician by her mother with complaints of several episodes of turning blue during playing. The child squats down when she turns blue and then a few seconds later she resumes playing. What congenital heart disease can cause this symptom?

What is hemoglobin H disease?

What is hemoglobin Barts?

What are schistocytes and how do they form?

What are the two categories of autoimmune hemolytic anemias?

Mechanistically, what are two ways that hemolysis occurs?

Define erythrocytosis

What coagulation factor is deficient in hemophilia A?

Which coagulation factor is deficient in hemophilia B?

What lab findings characterize DIC?

In ABO blood groups, what is Landsteiner rule?

What blood type is the universal recipient?

What does Rh+ indicate?

What is Rh immune globulin?

What does the direct antiglobulin test (DAT or direct Coombs) detect?

What does the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT or indirect Coombs) detect?

Describe the process for performing both the DAT and IAT

In addition to the Rh system, what are some other clinically significant RBC antigens?

What tests are performed on donated blood to screen for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contamination?

What is used as an anticoagulant in blood components?

How does the anticoagulant work?

What are the available blood components for transfusion?

How many units of whole blood does the average adult have in his/her body?

On average, giving 1 unit of packed RBCs should raise the hemoglobin level by how much?

What type of RBCs should be given to patients who have had previous problems with febrile reactions to blood products, or who will be chronically transfused?

What should be used as an intravascular volume expander?

When might you give a patient platelets?

What is the usual dose of platelets?

What are apheresis platelets?

What does cryoprecipitate contain?

What is the most common metabolic side effect of massive blood transfusion?

What correlates to the severity of a febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction?

What is the risk of FFP transfusion?

What causes these allergic reactions?

What type of patients will have anaphylactic reactions?

What can be done to prevent anaphylactic reactions in these individuals?

What causes TRALI (transfusion-related acute lung injury)?

What characterizes TRALI clinically?

A patient reports severe nausea and dizziness within an hour of eating shrimp. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is this?

A 4 year old child has allergic rhinitis, eczema (atopic dermatitis) and asthma. What is the hypersensitivity type?

A woman is Rh- and pregnant with her second Rh+ child. If she does not receive anti-Rh immunoglobulin during either pregnancy, what will likely happen?

A newborn baby shows signs of anemia and jaundice within the first 24 hours of life. What might he have?

A woman starts to feel exhausted and light headed a week after beginning a course of penicillin. What is this?

A patient develops an itchy, raised, red rash 2 to 3 days after using a new brand of laundry detergent. What is this?

A patient begins receiving a blood transfusion. He develops fever, chills, hypotension, and DIC. What happened?

What is an autograft?

What is an allograft?

What is a xenograft?

What is a syngeneic graft?

What antigen labeling system is most important for predicting transplant rejection?

Name the four types of transplant rejections:

What is the mechanism for hyperacute rejection?

What histological changes characterize hyperacute transplant rejection?

What is the mechanism of acute vascular rejection?

What histologic changes characterize acute humoral/vascular rejection?

What histologic changes characterize acute cellular rejection?

What is the mechanism of acute vascular rejection?

What histologic changes characterize acute humoral/vascular rejection?

What is the mechanism of acute cellular rejection?

What histologic changes characterize acute cellular rejection?

What causes chronic rejection?

What histologic changes characterize chronic rejection?

Describe GVHD

What characterizes GVHD clinically?

What can be done to attempt to prevent GVHD?

If a person is deficient in polymorphonuclear neutrophils, (PMNs), what types of infections are they most susceptible to?

Deficiency in T cells makes you susceptible to what types of infections

Deficiency in antibodies makes you susceptible to what types of infections?

Deficiencies in complement make you susceptible to what types of infections?

What are the classic features of a granuloma?

Give examples of granulomatous diseases

What HLA allele is associated with ankylosing spondylitis?

Which HLA allele is associated with postgonococcal arthritis?

What are some examples of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

What is the classic example of a delayed type IV reaction?

What is special about type IV reactions?

What is the mechanism of type IV reaction?

What HLA allele is associated with acute anterior uveitis?

Give two examples of common acquired thrombophilias/hypercoagulable states

What is thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)?

What might you see microscopically in TTP?S

What is the most common congenital thrombophilia?

What causes Bernard-Soulier disease?

What causes Glanzmann thrombasthenia?

What medication prolongs the PT/INR (with a normal PTT)?

Which lab value measures the activity of the extrinsic pathway in of the coagulation cascade?

Where is vWF stored?

Chromosomal translocations

CML

AML-M3 (Acute promyelocytic leukemia)

Burkitt lymphoma