BMSC335 Lecture 3 Week 1

In terms of signaling to the brain, what does the term 'afferent' mean?

In terms of signaling to the brain, what does the term 'efferent' mean?

What are the two main pathways in the CNS for response?

What is another name for the Corticospinal tract?

Is the Extrapyramidal system involved in A) Sensory input or B) Response output

Is the Corticospinal tract involved in A) Sensory input or B) Response output?

In the Somatosensory pathway, how many 'orders' or groups of Neurons are there?

What are 'First Order Neurons'?

What are 'Second Order Neurons'?

What are 'Third Order Neurons'?

What are 'Fourth Order Neurons'?

Where are 'Higher Order Neurons' located in relation to 'Fourth Order Neurons'?

What does Dr. Kivell mean when she refers to the 'spatial organisation' of the CNS?

What is another name for the Dorsal Column Pathway?

What happens to reaction output when the Dorsal column pathway (in Dorsal surface of SC) is damaged?

How can lesions of the somatosensory pathways be used in a therapeutic setting?

How might a clinician or neurologist assess a patient for spine damage?

Is it common to suffer a lesion that affects only one tract?

Name four major differences between the Anterolateral Pathway and the Dorsal Column Pathway:

Do any of the sensory pathways travel directly from receptor to the cortex?

What part of the brain is also known as the 'gateway to the cortex'?

What type of nuclei transmit signals from rest of body to the Cortex?

What role, other than transmission, might the relay nuclei play in the transmission of signal to and from the Cortex?

Where is the Somatic Sensory Cortex located?

Is each part of the body equally represented by a portion of the Somatic Sensory cortex?

How many 'areas' make up the Somatosensory Cortex?

Are responses stimulated in the Somatosensory cortex as the same side as the stimulated receptor?

What is a Homonculus?

How many layers are there in the cortex?

Briefly describe the cellular organization of the cortex:

List some of the symptoms a patient might experience if his or her Somatic Area I was destroyed:

What is astereognosis?

Where are the Somatic Association Areas located?

Where do Somatic Association Areas receive input from?

What is the primary function of the Somatic Association Areas?

What happens when a patient loses their Somatic Association Areas?

How did Neuroscientists come to understand the importance of the Somatic Association Areas in interpreting input information?

What are corticofugal fibres?

What are the main functions of Corticofugal Fibers?

What neurological condition is associated with the malfunction or damage of Corticofugal fibers?

What parts of brain provide output to be relayed through the Corticospinal Tract?

At what level does the Corticospinal Tract cross over?

Which system controls sensory output directly: Corticospinal or Extrapyramidal?

What is the main function of the Corticospinal tract?

What muscles does the lateral Corticospinal tract control: distal or proximal?

What muscles does the anteruor Corticospinal tract control: distal or proximal?

What is the major symptom of a damaged Corticospinal tract?

What parts of the brain contribute output to the Extrapyramidal system?

What are the 4 Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia?

What is the primary purpose of the Basal Ganglia?

What is the Caudate circuit?

What are the symptoms of lesions on the Globus Pallidus?

What are the symptoms of lesions on the Putamen?

What are the symptoms of lesions on the Substantia Nigra?

What are the symptoms of lesions on the Subthalamus?

What are the symptoms of lesions on the Caudate Nucleus or Putamen?