It is the process by which the brain makes interpretations about a stimulus.

It is a process that can be tested by using a nerve conduction study.

It is the process by which the stimulus is sent to the appropriate cortical region.

It is the process by which intensity of responsiveness to stimulus is regulated by the body.

Can be tested by a nerve conduction study.

It is the process by which stimulus gets sent to appropriate cortical region.

It is the process by which we make meaningful explanations about stimulus.

It is the ability to distinguish between different sensation modalities.

is performed by integration of association areas in the brain.

is a process very similar to sensory discrimination in occupational therapy.

all of these are true

none of these are true

A-alpha fibers transmit diffuse pain signals, like chronic pain.

A-beta fibers have the largest diameter and are the most myelinated, they carry mechanosensation.

A-delta fibers are less myelinated than a-beta and have a smaller diameter size, the carry acute pain information.

C-fibers carry proprioception information and are the smallest diameter and are not myelinated.

C-fiber and a-delta fibers both carry pain, temperature and itch sensation.

are subcutaneous mechanoreceptors

send information via A-delta axons

are sensitive to deep touch

are sensitive to superficial pressure

are sensitive to stretch

are tonic receptors

hair follicle receptor

pacinian corpuscle

ruffini endings

free nerve endings

send signals via a-beta axon and are sensitive to deep vibration

are subcutaneous mechanoreceptors

have the same adaptation rate as pacinian corpuscles

have large receptive fields

are sensitive to sustained touch

have the same adaptation rate as ruffini endings

are sensitive to light vibration

are superficial mechanoreceptors

have large receptive fields

respond to stretch in skin

respond to stretch

subcutaneous receptors

have same adaptation rate as pacinian corpuscle.

these are all true.

areas with higher density of mechanoreceptors have greater tactile discrimination

body parts with small cortical representations have greater tactile discrimination

the receptive field size of pacinian corpsucles allow for greater tactile discrimination

the smaller the number of receptors in a given region the finer two-point discrimination you can make

Receptors like pacinian corpuscle have a sustained response to a stimulus

merkel's disc and meissner's corpuscles generate a sustained response to stimulus

phasic receptors respond quickly but if the stimulus persists they habituate and stop firing

none of these are true

The hands, face and mouth have a large somatotopic representation in the cortex.

The back and calves have a small somatotopic representation in the cortex.

Areas with high density of mechanoreceptors also have a bigger representation in sensory cortex.

People with phantom limb pain experience pain because they receptors for pain are still their but the sensory cortex for that limb is not.

are areas of the skin innervated by left and right dorsal roots and single spinal segment

information coming from the skin and entering at that particular level

are used to understand sensory deficits of a spinal cord injury

all of these are true

damage on right side of brain causes person to be unable to see objects in left visual field

damage on right side of brain causes person to be unaware of any type of stimulus on left side of body or visual field

damage on the right side of brain causes person to be unaware of any type of stimulus on left sid eof body or visual field, resolved by turning head to side

person is unable to identify object by touch

is a process mediated by anterior parietal cortex

is the process of integrating all senses to identify object

is the process of identifying object by touch and no sight

problem with visual tracts and inability to see in left visual field

the DCML and ST carry A-beta axons

the point of decussation for the DCML is at the medulla, the point of decussation for ST is at the level where it enters

the DCML carries a-beta and a-delta fibers whereas the ST carries c fibers

the ST has a more detailed projection to thalamus and cortex than the DCML

the transmission of information is slower in the DCML than in the ST

nocioception

hyperalgesia

primary hyperalgesia

secondary hyperalgesia

prostagladins

bradykins

substance P

K+ ions

directly depolarize nociceptors

cause vasodilation in the region

causes swelling in region

acts on mast cells

is a neurotransmitter

is released by nociceptors

acts on white blood cells - mast cells - to release histamine

causes redness and swelling in region

all of these are true

cause redness and swelling in region

are neurotransmitters

are released by mast cells

has impact on action potential

is a necessary enzyme for synthesizing bradykins

ensures natural mucus lining of stomach

can be inhibited to decrease sensitivity of primary hyperalgesia

when inhibited does not affect stomach lining

have an excitatory effect on gate interneurons, activitating gate and allowing transmission of pain information

have an inhibitory effect on gate interneuron, inactivating gate and allowing transmission of pain information

have an excitatory effect on gate interneuron, activating gate and stopping transmission of pain information

have an inhibitory effect on gate interneurons, inactivating gate and stopping transmission of pain information

activation of gate interneuron and closing off of pain transmission

inactivation of gate interneuron and closing off of pain transmission

activation of gate interneuron and continued transmission pain information

inactivation of gate interneuron and continued transmission of pain information

causes direct release of serotonin

receives information about emotional status from amydala and prefrontal cortex

sends projections to raphe nuclei to release serotonin

when directly stimulated there is a decrease in pain

are released by raphe nuclei

are widely distributed in CNS but concentrated in DCML tract

increase release of glutamate

inhibit release of glutamate

serotonin

endorphins

ACTH

glutamate

substance P

endorphins are opioids

opioids bind tightly to glutamate receptors to inhibit transmission of pain

profound analgesic with few side effects

released during states of flow

at the spinal level stimulates endorphin releasing cells to inhibit pain at that level

causes release of enkaphalin by PAG which in turn causes release of serotonin and norepinephrine

modulates effect of secondary hyperalgesia

modulates effect of primary hyperalgesia

current position of joints

tension on tendons

deep vibration

high frequency vibration

kinesthesia

nuclear bag fibers

1a afferents

alpha motor efferent

gamma motor efferent

muscle spindle

nuclear bag fiber in muscle spindle

muscle fiber

golgi tendon organ

adjust sensitivity of muscle spindle to changes in muscle length

synapse with alpha motor neurons in anterior horn

are located in the dorsal horn of spinal cord

adjust sensitivity of muscle fibers to changes in muscle length

stretched muscle spindles facilitate alpha motor neuron discharge

gamma motor neurons discharge in response to muscle stretch

II afferent synapses with alpha motor neurons

1a afferent axons travels from DRG to synapse with alpha motor neurons at dorsal horn

the GTO is located in the intrafusal fibers of the muscle

Its II afferent axons from GTO send signals to interneuron in dorsal horn where they synapse with alpha motor neurons

has the same effect on alpha motor neurons as the 1a afferent of nuclear bag fibers

is stimulated by muscle stretch

loss of GTO organs results in an inability to modulate muscle force

refers to the communication between an alpha motor neuron to muscle fiber

refers to communication between a gamma motor neuron and muscle spindle

refers to communication between gammas motor neuron and muscle fiber

refers to communication between alpha motor neuron and muscle spindle

deep postural muscle are made up entirely of slow oxidative fibers

muscles that maintain stability and posture are made up of type 2 fibers

fast glycolitic muscles are recruited first for a given movement

after brain damage there is spasticity in muscles that are largely dominated by white muscle fibers

white fibers are slow to contract

each muscle fiber is innervated by a single alpha motor neuron

alpha motor neurons innervate several muscle fibers

the greater the number of alpha motor neurons firing the greater the number of muscle fibers recruited

a motor unit is the total number of alpha motor neurons that innervate a single muscle

fast motor units are made largely of white muscle fibers

the axon's that innervate muscle fibers that are used for high endurance activities have a large diameter

the firing properties of neurons that innervate muscles for high endurance are low frequency and steady

muscles that rapidly fatigue are innervated by axons with high velocity conduction

a motor unit

a motor neuron pool

an interneuron pool

all of the above

t-tubules

myofibril

actin

sarcolemmas

sarcomeres

myofibrils

muscle fibers

sarcolemma

sarcoplasmic reticulum

t-tubules

myofibril

Blocks actin from binding onto site on myosin thick filament

Blocks myosin from binding onto site on actin thin filament

Presence facilitates binding of myosin and actin during contraction

Ca2+ binds unto myosin and exposes actin to binding with troponin

binds to nicotinic receptors on post synaptic neuron

is released by gamma motor neuron

binds to nicotinic receptor of sarcoplasmic reticiulum

binds to nicotinic receptors of sarcolemma

with enough alpha motor neurons firing on muscle fiber an action potential will be generated

a single excitatory action potential in muscle fiber will generate an action potential

action potential sweeps between adjacent sarcomeres via t-tubules

none of these are true

ACh binds to troponin so that myosin binding sites may be exposed to actin

calcium ions released from sarcolemma binds to troponin so that actin may bind to troponin

as long as ACh and ATP are available muscle contraction will continue

shortening of sarcomere via actin filaments coming closer together is muscle contraction

calcium

endorphins

botox

acupuncture