The primary role of B-vitamins is to
Help boost the immune system
Reduce stress
Act as coenzymes
Assist in maintaining a healthy nervous system
Which amino acid can be converted to niacin by the body?
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Leucine
Tryptophan
The DNA for making every protein in our bodies is contained in every cell nucleus.
Protein functions most effectively when
You consume at least 1 gram per lb. of body weight
You eat too few calories
There are adequate calories from carbohydrates & fats in the diet
You strength train & consume at least 1 gram per lb. of body weight
What mineral enhances the ability of insulin to transport glucose?
Manganese
Iodine
Chromium
Choline
The functions of proteins are all of the following except:
Cell growth, repair, and maintenance
Primary energy source
Fluid balance
Acting as enzymes & hormones
The RDA for protein, for sedentary people is
60 grams
0.8 gram/kg/body weight
1 gram/kg/body weight
2 grams/kg/body weight
A semi-vegetarian is someone who
eats animal products once in awhile
typically excludes or limits red meat
eats only fish but not poultry or red meat
consumes no dairy products
During protein synthesis, what is the term given to the amino acid in least supply?
Incomplete amino acid
Limiting amino acid
Complementary amino acid
All of the above
Mutual supplementation refers to what?
The process of combining 2 proteins
The amino acid that is missing or in smallest supply
The process of combining 2 or more incomplete proteins
The process of combining a protein & a carbohydrate
The spongy bone that is found within the ends of long bones is called _________
Cortical
Osteoblast
Collagen
Trabecular
Bone cells that are responsible for bone resorption are called ____
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
In addition to proper growth & development, bone remodelling is critical in maintaining _______
Blood glucose levels
Blood calcium levels
Blood coagulation
Vitamin D production
At what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation?
10
20
40
60
Assuming equal serving sizes, which of the following foods would be the poorest source of calcium?
Skim Milk
Whole Milk
Cheddar cheese
Cottage cheese
If a healthy individual were to consume too much calcium from the diet, which of the following is MOST likely to occur?
They would experience hypercalcemia
They would begin to produce kidney stones
Their gastrointestinal tract would limit the absorption of calcium
Calcium deposits would accumulate in the soft tissues of the body
Which of the following organs is responsible for the synthesis of vitamin D?
Skin
Liver
Kidneys
Vitamin D toxicity is associated with
Sunburns
Suntan lotions
Seafood
Supplements
Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the _________ gland.
Adrenal
Parathyroid
Pituitary
Thyroid
Individuals who have diseases that results in the malabsorption of _____ are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency.
Carbohydrate
Fat
Minerals
Protein
Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in _______
The liver
Adipose tissue
Skeleton
Fluorosis is associated with _______
insufficient intake of fluoride
consuming too much fluoride
Alzheimer's disease
Osteoporosis
The hormone that assists in maintaining blood calcium levels by stimulating the activation of Vitamin D is _______
Insulin
Cortisol
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin
Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability?
Kale
Spinach
Brocolli
Turnip greens
As bone resorption begins to occur more frequently than bone formation, adults tend to lose height.
As compared to light-skinned individuals, the synthesis of vitamin D is limited in individuals with darker skin.
The fluid portion of the blood is called
Serum
Platelets
Leukocytes
Plasma
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding free radicals?
Free radicals are formed as a by-product of healthy metabolism
Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicals
Exposure to pollution increases free radical production
Many diseases, such as cancer & heart disease, are linked to free radical damage
Toxicity symptoms of vitamin A include birth defects, spontaneous abortion, blurred vision, & liver damage
Free radicals
are very stable atoms
are rarely formed by the body's fundamental physiological processes
damage the cell's mitochondria
are formed by exposure to air pollution & tobacco smoke
Which of these has NOT been linked to free radical damage?
Cancer
Heart disease
Arthritis
Type I diabetes
Which of the following increases the RDA for vitamin C?
Smoking cigarettes
Drinking alcohol
Begin a vegan
Taking supplements of vitamin C
Which of the following statements if FALSE regarding free radicals?
A diet adequate in carbohydrates helps to ensure the use of Protein for growth & maintenance & is called _____
Protein intense
Carbohydrate intense
Protein sparing
Fat lacking
Which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate vitamin E after it has been oxidized?
Vitamin D
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Folate
Taking Vitamin E supplements along with _____ can cause uncontrollable bleeding
Antidepressants
Anticoagulants
Cholesterol-lowering medications
Oral contraceptives
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning Vitamin C?
Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid
Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant that may help to reduce the risk of chronic diseases
Vitamin C helps the immune system by enabling the body to make white blood cells
Smokers should consume less Vitamin C than non-smokers
The doctor has recently told Julie that she is anemic. Julie should consume _____ with her iron supplement to increase its absorption
A tablespoon of castor oil
A glass of milk
A glass of orange juice
Scrambled eggs
Consuming even moderately excessive doses of Vitamin C supplements would be most harmful to individuals suffering from ____
Scurvy
Diabetes mellitus
Hemochromatosis
Keshan disease
Beta-carotene is a precursor of
Retinol
Alpha-tocopherol
Zeaxanthin
Ascorbic acid
What other vitamins or minerals are instrumental to bone health besides calcium?
Phosphorus & vitamins K, E & D
Phosphorus, magnesium, & vitamins K & D
Phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, & vitamins K & D
Vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium & fluoride
Dowager's hump is one characteristic of
Fluorisis
Rickets
The female athlete triad
Vitamin C is essential in the synthesis of
Carbohydrates
Hemoglobin
Bone density is influenced by
Genetics
Dietary intake
Body weight
Vitamin D is converted to its active form by the
Bones
Liver & kidneys
Small intestines
Which of these has been associated with reducing the risk of both breast and prostrate cancer?
consumption of arsenic
consumption of soybean & soy products
consumption of lead
consumption of saturated fats
Limitations of using BMI to determine weight & health risk are that
Does not distinguish between lean & fat body mass
Does not address fat distribution, where fat is stored
Does not take age into consideration
Which fat distribution pattern puts one at greater risk for complications such as diabetes & heart disease?
Pear-shaped fat patterning
Apple-shaped fat patterning
Fat distribution doesn't impact risk
Banana-shaped fat patterning
The primary determinant of our basal metabolic rate is
Age
Amount of lean body mass
Activity
Gender
What is the first line of defence in obesity treatment?
Consulting a therapist or social worker to investigate underlying issues
A personal trainer to help set up an exercise program
A low-calorie diet & regular physical activity
A very-low-calorie diet to promote rapid weight loss
Treatments for obesity may include
Low-calorie diet & regular exercise
Lifestyle changes
Prescription medications (some)
Surgery
Weight-loss surgery is advised in healthy individuals who have a BMI of
> 28
> 30
> 35
> 40