Biology Exam #1 (2015)

Questão 1 de 44

1

The pitcher plant and Venus' flytrap use leaves to trap and digest insects. The cactus plant's leaves are modified into small spines, which reduce water loss and can protect the plant from plant-eaters. These 3 leaf types have different shapes and functions, but are derived from a common ancestral form. Therefore these 3 leaf types are _____________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

atavisms
analogous structures
homologous structures
uniformitarian structures

Explicação

Questão 2 de 44

1

Studies of birth weight in humans have provided good examples of selection. Babies that are heavier or lighter than average did not survive as well as babies of average weight. Human birth weight is therefore an example of ____________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

directonial selection
stabilizing selection
artificial selection
an atavism

Explicação

Questão 3 de 44

1

The structural similarities between the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human suggest that ______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

early humans lived in the oceans
humans and dolphins have a common ancestor
dolphins are older than humans
dolphins evolved from early humans

Explicação

Questão 4 de 44

1

Cliff swallows in Nebraska, depend on insects for their livelihood. Severe cold snaps totally devastated the population. When scientists analyzed all the dead birds, they determined that birds with a small wing span and asymmetrical wing shapes were disproportionately represented in the dead birds. Surviving birds were larger and more symmetrical. The type of natural selection for size and symmetry is ________________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

stabilizing selection
disruptive selection
directional selection
atavistic

Explicação

Questão 5 de 44

1

In the Scrub Jay, older siblings usually remain near the nest and assis their parents in raising a new crop of young. This behavior promotes the reproduction of their own alleles, which are present in the new crop of young birds. This behavior is an example of ______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

reciprocal altruism
kin selection
atavism
exaptation

Explicação

Questão 6 de 44

1

DNA changes over time. From generation to generation, both genetic and epigenetic changes occur and are passed on. Therefore, according to the "left wall of minimal complexity" hypothesis shown below

Selecione uma das seguintes:

natural selection can act only existing traits
natural selection acts on the phenotype
natural selection can not plan ahead for changes that will occur in the environment in the future
evolution can produce greater and greater complexity but cannot produce more and more simplicity

Explicação

Questão 7 de 44

1

Which one of the following statements is false with regard to natural selection?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

natural selection leads to adaptive evolutionary change
natural selection directs evolution by preserving traits acquired during an individual's lifetime
natural selection acts to preserve traits that increase survival and reproduction, and to eliminate traits that decrease survival and reproduction
natural selection depends on the genetic variability in a population, which arises through mutations

Explicação

Questão 8 de 44

1

"Gradually, the gene pool changes in favor of the two extreme spine number types. __________________ works against those phenotypes that fall into the midrange of values."

What term is missing in the preceding sentence?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

stabilizing selection
disruptive selection
directional selection
diversifying selection
two answers are correct

Explicação

Questão 9 de 44

1

Biologists studied a population of lizards. They found that small lizards had trouble defending their territories and that large lizards were more likely than small or medium lizards to be preyed upon by owls. Which of the following graphs represents the most likely distribution for body size in this lizard population?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

A
B
C
D

Explicação

Questão 10 de 44

1

Fish embryos, human embryos, and chicken embryos all have pharyngeal arches (gill slits/pharyngeal pouches) and a post-anal tail. What best explains these similarities?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

common biological needs of the adults
inheritance of acquired characteristics
descent from the same ancestor
convergent evolution
extinction of transitional species

Explicação

Questão 11 de 44

1

The wings and body of this speckled emperor moth mimic the face of an animal. If a bird is sneaking up on this moth and is about to eat it, this mimicry of a possible predator that might eat the bird will startle the bird, and might give the moth a fraction of a second in which to escape. This mimicry is an example of a __________________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

homology
vestigial structure
example of kin selection
adaptation

Explicação

Questão 12 de 44

1

In a certain insect species, body color varies from very light gray to very dark gray. These insects are eaten by birds that find their prey by sight. A brush fire occurs, blackening the ground where one population of this insect species lives. Which of the following is most likely to occur over the next few years?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

The body color in the population will mutate to become black
The percentage of very dark gray individuals will increase
The distribution of body color in the population will not change
The very light gray individuals will learn how to reproduce at a later age
The individual insects will mutate to become fire-resistant

Explicação

Questão 13 de 44

1

In order for the label "natural selection" to be correct for the illustration, there is a necessary condition that must be present in "1": ___________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

competition
limited resources
population with varied inherited traits
population that is reproducing sexually
population that is undergoing competition while reproducing sexually

Explicação

Questão 14 de 44

1

Scientists measured the average body size in a bird population over time. One year, a period of cold weather killed many of the birds. A few generations later, the scientists observed that the average body size in the population was larger than it had been before the cold weather. The scientists concluded that the population had evolved through natural selection. Which one of the following would provide the best evidence to support the scientists' conclusion?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

the size of the bird eggs also increased over time
the birds with the largest body size were the males
the frequency of alleles for body size changed in the bird population
the number of birds in the population decreased slightly

Explicação

Questão 15 de 44

1

Which of the following is an example of Darwinian competition?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

A
B
C
D
E

Explicação

Questão 16 de 44

1

Darwin found several closely related species of this animal in the Galapagos Islands, and this discovery was eventually important to his thinking about evolution by means of natural selection.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

A
B
C

Explicação

Questão 17 de 44

1

How were strata dated in Charles Darwin's lifetime?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

their position relative to each other
the minerals they contain
their color
their content of certain radioisotopes
their hardness

Explicação

Questão 18 de 44

1

If 2 different species share a homologous structure, _______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

the structure has the same function in the two species
the structure must be almost identical in size and shape in the 2 species
the 2 species have a shared ancestor
the structure is an atavism
the structure is vestigial

Explicação

Questão 19 de 44

1

The adaptive radiation of the dozen or so species of Darwin's Finches in the Galapagos Islands (and nearby Cocos Islands), as illustrated here, is an example of ___________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

disruptive selection
artificial selection
stabilizing selection
natural selection
more than one is correct

Explicação

Questão 20 de 44

1

Comparison of the anatomy of vertebrae forelimbs was important for Charles Darwin because the bones supported the hypothesis of _________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

extinction
natural selection
the ancient age of Earth
descent with modification from shared ancestors
uniformitarianism

Explicação

Questão 21 de 44

1

In humans, cheetahs, whales, and bats, the forelimbs contain the same bones in the same relative positions, but the functions of the forelimbs of these animals are different. We say that these forelimbs are homologous structures and that their structural similarity is caused by the fact that _____________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

bats gave rise to whales, which gave rise to cheetahs, which gave rise to humans
humans, cheetahs, whales, and bats all share the same ancestor
organisms having forelimbs have evolved independently from organisms lacking forelimbs at least 4 different times
they have different functions

Explicação

Questão 22 de 44

1

In some burrowing snakes the eyes are completely hidden beneath the scales and are useless for vision. Ancestors of these species had normal eyes used for vision. The hidden eyes of burrowing snakes are _____________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

atavisms
species extinctions
analogies
vestigial structures

Explicação

Questão 23 de 44

1

The peppered moths in populations in England range from light-colored to dark-colored. During the Industrial Revolution, dark soot covered trees. Air pollution killed the light-colored lichens that had grown on the trees. Peppered moth populations became predominantly dark-colored, because these dark-colored moths were better able to avoid predation: they were camouflaged on the dark trees. This change in population composition of the moths was an example of ___________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

natural selection
gene flow
induced mutation
genetic drift

Explicação

Questão 24 de 44

1

The main sources of genetic variation among humans is _______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

new mutations that occurred in the preceding generation
genetic drift
the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction
environmental effects

Explicação

Questão 25 de 44

1

Why was the age of Earth important for Darwin's ideas about evolution?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

He understood that mutations accumulated slowly in populations because of the inherently slow rate of mutation of DNA
Darwin knew that the potential for overpopulation required enormous amounts of time for sexual reproduction to be expressed in the form of high numbers of individuals
Darwin thought that evolution was a very slow process; great amounts of time were required to produce the great diversity of life that exists
He knew that many years would be required for extinction to eliminate the majority of species that existed in the past

Explicação

Questão 26 de 44

1

Every now and then, news reports announce a new antibiotic that bacteria cannot become resistant to. What is the best attitude of a scientist to have regarding this type of news report.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Bacteria will not be able to develop resistance to the new antibiotic
Bacteria will definitely develop resistance
Bacteria will probably develop resistance
There is no way to predict the probability of development of resistance

Explicação

Questão 27 de 44

1

The Galapagos Islands are home to more than a dozen species of closely related finches, some found only on a single island. The most striking differences among them are _, which are __. Understanding this phenomenon was important for Charles Darwin's thinking about evolution and how evolution came about.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

their beaks/adapted for specific diets
the colors of their feathers/adapted for camouflage on sands of different colors
their body weights/the results of different caloric amounts of foods on the different islands
their body weights/the results of differences in the mineral composition of the foods on the different islands

Explicação

Questão 28 de 44

1

The passage from Charles Darwin's "Origin of Species" read in discussion was _________________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

highly mathematical
filled with technical jargon from chemistry
accessible to any literate person
in Latin

Explicação

Questão 29 de 44

1

We know that Darwin was greatly influenced by the geologist Lyell, and also by the 3 geology volumes that Lyell published. A major idea championed by Lyell and used by Darwin was that _____________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

plants and animals on islands are more similar to plants and animals on faraway islands than they are to species on nearby continental land masses
fossil species in lower strata are larger than fossil species in younger strata, because fossils in lower strata have been compressed by high pressure
plants at lower elevations are larger than plants at higher elevations
large changes can occur in nature by small changes occurring over a long period of time

Explicação

Questão 30 de 44

1

The theory of blending inheritance ___________________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

did not mislead Charles Darwin because by the time he published the final edition of "The Origin of Species" he was able to incorporate Mendel's ideas of independent assortment and segregation
did not confuse Darwin because he used T.H. Morgan's discovery of mutations to explain the apparent contradictions of theory of blending inheritance
led to rapid acceptance of Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection
delayed acceptance of Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection

Explicação

Questão 31 de 44

1

How can the Darwinian concept of descent with modification explain the evolution of such complex structures as the vertebrate eye?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Organisms have an intrinsic drive toward a particular phenotype; once a trend has started, organisms in each generation will strive to continue to improve within the constraints of that trend
According to the concept of exaptation, structures evolve in anticipation of future use, with natural selection predicting the future usefulness of a structure: the principle of prescience
complex structures do not evolve all at once, but in increments, with natural selection selecting for adaptive variants of the earlier versions
none are correct

Explicação

Questão 32 de 44

1

It is incorrect to say "evolution inevitably leads to increased complexity." For example, there are many examples of organisms that are simpler (less complex) than their ancestors. Examples include _______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

most plants
many parasites
humans
most insects

Explicação

Questão 33 de 44

1

In a famous experiment, Weismann cut off the tails of 1500 rats over 20 generations, and never got rats born without tails as a result of this mutilation. His experiment supports the conclusion that _______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

evolution by means of natural selection is an error
Lamarckism is an error
life cannot arise from non-life
transmutation does not occur in animals

Explicação

Questão 34 de 44

1

In a population in which a trait is exposed to stabilizing selection over time, ______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

neither the average nor the variation for the trait changes
both the average value and the variation for the trait increase
the average value increases or decreases, and the variation for the trait decreases
the average value for the trait stays approximately the same, and the variation for the trait decreases

Explicação

Questão 35 de 44

1

Charles Darwin's 4 Postulates can be summarized succinctly as __________________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

variation, inheritance, overpopulation, differential survival and reproduction
mutation, reproduction, competition, chance
stasis, recombination, antagonism, random survival and reproduction
plants, animals, microorganisms, protists

Explicação

Questão 36 de 44

1

Which one of the following statements about human races is/are correct, according to what was taught in this course?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

genetic variation among individuals within each human race is far greater than the variation between races
it is possible for 2 people of different races to be more related genetically to each other than they are to some people from their own respective race
a "white" person from Denmark may be more similar genetically to a "black" person from Sudan than to another "white" dane.
all are correct
none are correct

Explicação

Questão 37 de 44

1

Radiometric dating is sometimes wrong by _______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

1 or 2 percent
millions of years
billions of years
2 of the above are correct

Explicação

Questão 38 de 44

1

Why is 14C never used to date the extinction of dinosaurs?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

anything containing that isotope would have rotted away long ago
the half life of that isotope is too short
the carbon atom is much smaller than the uranium atom
argon is a gas

Explicação

Questão 39 de 44

1

Evolutionary biologists apply evolution theories to the study of religion and morals. As demonstrated in lecture, this application of evolution theories is especially likely to involve the _______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

controversy over whether or not microevolution can produce macroevolution
Lamarckism/neo-Lamarckism distinction
group selection/individual selection debate
genetics/epigenetics distinction

Explicação

Questão 40 de 44

1

Is it possible for an individual to have a mutation that increases its relative fitness but does not result in an increase in the number of offspring the individual produces?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

yes, if the individual's environment remains constant, unchanged
yes, if the environment changes and individuals lacking the mutation reproduce less
yes, if the mutation has no effect on the individual's phenotype
no

Explicação

Questão 41 de 44

1

Paleobiologist George Simpson's famous analogy of ____________ is a hat containing several sets of the 26 letters of the English alphabet written on slips of paper, on letter per slip of paper. If you were to draw out letters at random, chances are poor that they would sell C, A, and T in that order. But if each time you picked a slip, you threw it away if it was not C, A, or T and returned it to the hat if it was one of those 3 letters, soon you would have mostly Cs, As, and Ts in the hat. Your chances of pulling C-A-T (in that order) would keep improving, until eventually you would draw them in the proper order

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Lamarckism
exaptation
evolution by means of natural selection

Explicação

Questão 42 de 44

1

According to ______________, the natural habits of a creature would inevitably lead to a modification of its anatomical structure. By wading in shallow water, a bird would stretch its legs in order to keep its body above the surface, and automatically acquire longer legs. Once this addition was acquired, it would be passed on to the next generation. The lack of use of a structure would automatically lead to its shrinkage, and this too would be inherited by the successors.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Mendel
Lyell
Lamarck

Explicação

Questão 43 de 44

1

Which one is Dobzhansky's famous and controversial quotation about evolution that is so popular among scientists?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

"Darwin was right, we'll probably figure it out in a couple million years"
"The theory of evolution by cumulative natural selection is the only theory we know of that is in principle capable of explaining the existence of organized complexity"
"Natural selection teaches use that there are many ways to die, far fewer ways to live"
"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution"

Explicação

Questão 44 de 44

1

There are many different parent-daughter combinations of isotopes that can be used for radiometric dating. Also, different radioisotopes decay in different ways: alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, etc. When the same specimen is tested using different parent-daughter combinations of isotopes, including those which decay in different ways, the results are the same. This supports _____________

Selecione uma das seguintes:

uniformitarianism as applied to the constancy of half-lives
exaptation regarding different sources of energy, whether particles or rays
the hypothesis that macroevolution can produce microevolution
the hypothesis that daughter isotopes have 2 and only 2 parents

	Criado por Haley Kim mais de 8 anos atrás

Bachelors Biology (Exam #1) Quiz sobre Biology Exam #1 (2015), criado por Haley Kim em 24-04-2016.

Biology Exam #1 (2015)

Questão 1 de 44

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 2 de 44

Studies of birth weight in humans have provided good examples of selection. Babies that are heavier or lighter than average did not survive as well as babies of average weight. Human birth weight is therefore an example of ____________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 3 de 44

The structural similarities between the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human suggest that ______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 4 de 44

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 5 de 44

In the Scrub Jay, older siblings usually remain near the nest and assis their parents in raising a new crop of young. This behavior promotes the reproduction of their own alleles, which are present in the new crop of young birds. This behavior is an example of ______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 6 de 44

DNA changes over time. From generation to generation, both genetic and epigenetic changes occur and are passed on. Therefore, according to the "left wall of minimal complexity" hypothesis shown below

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 7 de 44

Which one of the following statements is false with regard to natural selection?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 8 de 44

"Gradually, the gene pool changes in favor of the two extreme spine number types. __________________ works against those phenotypes that fall into the midrange of values." What term is missing in the preceding sentence?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 9 de 44

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 10 de 44

Fish embryos, human embryos, and chicken embryos all have pharyngeal arches (gill slits/pharyngeal pouches) and a post-anal tail. What best explains these similarities?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 11 de 44

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 12 de 44

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 13 de 44

In order for the label "natural selection" to be correct for the illustration, there is a necessary condition that must be present in "1": ___________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 14 de 44

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 15 de 44

Which of the following is an example of Darwinian competition?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 16 de 44

Darwin found several closely related species of this animal in the Galapagos Islands, and this discovery was eventually important to his thinking about evolution by means of natural selection.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 17 de 44

How were strata dated in Charles Darwin's lifetime?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 18 de 44

If 2 different species share a homologous structure, _______________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 19 de 44

The adaptive radiation of the dozen or so species of Darwin's Finches in the Galapagos Islands (and nearby Cocos Islands), as illustrated here, is an example of ___________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 20 de 44

Comparison of the anatomy of vertebrae forelimbs was important for Charles Darwin because the bones supported the hypothesis of _________.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 21 de 44

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 22 de 44

"Gradually, the gene pool changes in favor of the two extreme spine number types. __________________ works against those phenotypes that fall into the midrange of values."

What term is missing in the preceding sentence?