Exercise Metabolism Term 2

What is the difference between Cell Mediated and Humoral Immunity?

Th1 differentiation is activated when:

Th1 differentiation is activated when:

Th2 differentiation is activated when:

Why is Th0 differentiation known as a 'balance'? and how do we determine which is differentiated?

How does exercise to fatigue effect differentiation to T and B cells?

In terms of exercising to fatigue on Th0 differentiation what factor does Stress play?

In terms of exercising to fatigue on Th0 differentiation what factor does Cortisol play?

In terms of exercising to fatigue on Th0 differentiation what factor does Catecholamines and Glucorticoids play?

What effect does diet have on Cortisol and thus Th0 differentiation?

What happens to the Th0 differentiation signalling molecule IL-6 during exercise?

What is meant by T/B Cell Proliferation?

What happens to lymphocyte proliferation (T and B cells) following exercise?

What effect does an increase in Blood Cortisol have on the Immune System and more specifically Cell Proliferation?

Do Trained or Un-trained have higher levels of circulating leukocytes?

Explain Neutrphil function (Phagosytosis) and explain how exercise effects Neutrophil number and function:

Explain Neutrphil function (Phagosytosis) and explain how exercise effects Neutrophil number and function:

What is the substance that forms the granules that Neutrophils release?

What are Natural Killer Cells?

What effect does exercise have on Natural Killer Cell Activity?

How can we prevent the Natural Killer Cell Activity fall to lower than resting levels following exercise?

What is the effect of prolonged training/competition on Natural Killer Cell Activity?

Explain Niemann's J-shaped model?

What are the 2 branches of the bodies Immune System (Defense against pathogens)?

Explain what forms the Innate Immune System:

Explain what forms the Acquired/Specific Immunity System:

What are the 2 types of cell which form the Immune System?

What cells are Granulocytes and what are there individual functions?

What cells are Agranulocytes and what are there function?

What is the broad name given to the cells of the Immune System?

What effect does brief intense exercise have on circulating Leukocyte concentrations?

What effect does prolonged high intensity exercise on circulating Leukocytes?

What causes the increase in circulating Leukocyte counts?

How can we explain the Biphasic Leukocyte response after brief intense exercise?

What is Oxidative Stress?

How are Free Radicals formed? and give 3 examples of Free Radicals:

What are RONS? and give 3 examples of RONS:

What effect does exhaustive exercise have on Oxidative Stress?

What effect does Moderate exercise have on Oxidative Stress?

How can we measure Oxidative Stress directly?

How can we measure Oxidative Stress In-directly?

How do the Mitochondria play a large role in Oxidative Stress at rest?

How in relation to Oxygen muscle flow can we generate ROS through the breakdown of Purine to Uric Acid (forms a electron)?

How long have studies found that lipid peroxidation was elevated for following a marathon? (OXIDATIVE STRESS)

What effect do different intensities and types of exercise have on Oxidative Stress?

What is the difference between Short term exercise and Long term training on ROS formation and thus Oxidative Stress?

What training type is most associated with Oxidative Stress adaptation rather than damage?

What is the relationship between Exercise and Infections?

What is the effect of exhaustive exercise and pathogens?

What happens to T-cells (fight infection) response following exhaustive exercise?

How does Insulin Resistance affect Blood Viscosity?

How does diet effect Insulin Resistance?

Explain the relationship between Insulin Resistance and Cholesterol:

How can we treat Insulin Resistance?

What is the relationship between Insulin Resistance and Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)?

What causes Hypertension when you are Insulin Resistant?

What is the Metabolic Syndrome?

How are Obesity and Insulin connected in terms of increased CVD risk?

What effect does Diabetes have on Insulin Resistance?

What can be used to overcome Insulin Resistance?

How do Age and Obesity effect the risk of Metabolic Syndrome?

Does being Insulin Resistant cause Obesity?

Describe how levels of Intramuscular Triglyceride (IMTG) are used differently in lean people as opposed to those who are obese, inactive or suffer from T2 Diabetes:

What effect does Exercise have on the number of GLUT4 transporters in the muscle?

What effect does exercise have on Glucose Storage?

Does the ability to uptake fat into the cell for energy supply (Beta Oxidation in the Mitochondria) change between those who are healthy and those who are Obese or suffer from T2 Diabetes?

What effect does Diabetes have on the Mitochondria and can exercise training help this?

What is the relationship between exercise and AMPK induced fat oxidation:

How does regular physical activity effect change Glycaemic control in people who have T2 Diabetes?

How Effective is a Healthy Lifestyle and Exercise in prevention in developing T2 Diabetes?

Does Insulin act as slight Vasodilator or Vasoconstrictor?

What effect does Aerobic Training have on Capillary Density?

Does training cause an increase in Insulin Receptors (allow Insulin to enter the cell)?

Why does Obesity cause Insulin Resistance?

What effect does training have on Adipocytokines such as TNFalpha, Leptin and Adiponectin?

Explain the relationship between obesity, T2 Diabetes and Intra-Muscular Lipid Content and its effect:

How does acute exercise effect Glucose uptake in skeletal muscle?

How does regular physical activity effect change Glycaemic control?

What effect does Nitric Oxide have on Exercise Induced GLUT4 Trans-location? And what effect does exercise have on GLUT4 protein production?

What is the primary role of Insulin?

What is Diabetes and how is it caused? Additionally what are the differences between T1 and T2?

What is happening to Diabetes levels in the UK?

Does Adiposity have an effect on Diabetes levels?

How can we measure Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance?

What is the procedure for the Hyperinsulinaemic Euglycaemia Clamp method of measuring Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance?

What is the procedure for the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test method of measuring Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance?

What is the procedure for the Homeostatic Model Assessment method of measuring Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance?

What happens with Glucose uptake into the cell during Exercise?

What causes Exercise Induced GLUT4 trans-location?

How is GLUT4 physically trans-located?

What happens to our weight as we age?

What is the relatioship diet, exercise, weight loss and subsequent weight gain?

What causes a Negative or Positive Energy Balance?

Approximately what % of daily calorie expenditure is due to Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)? And are people effective at matching calorie intake with calorie burn?

What is Compensation? and what effect does it have on energy balance?

What is Compensation? and what effect does it have on energy balance?

What role does Glycogen play in Weight Loss?

What effects does diet and exercise have on body composition?

What effect does diet and exercise have on the Appetite regulating hormones?

Why are the Mitochondria so important in metabolism?

How does Mitochondrial Biogenesis occur?

What happens to PGC-1alpha (gene that expresses Mitochondrial Biogenesis) with exercise and diet?

What is Triiodothyronine (T3) and how is effected by exercise and diet?

What happens to hunger during and following exercise?

What is Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

What is Leptin?

What is PYY?

What effect does PYY (3-36) have on the body and are there any differences in its effect between lean and obese?

What controls the release of PYY?

What is Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)?

What controls the release of Ghrelin?

What effect does eating pattern have on the activity of Ghrelin?

Does the effect of Ghrelin on Obese people and Lean people differ?

How does Insulin modulate Glucose (G) entry into the cell?

What effect does exercise have on Glucose entry into the cell?

What effects does being Obese have on the Insulin cascade and therefor Glucose entry into the cell?

What causes Insulin Resistance?

What is Resistin and what role does it play in I resistance and thus glucose entry?

What is Adiponectin and what role does it play in Muscle fat oxidation?

Describe the relationship between Adiponectin and BMI:

What are Adipocytokines?

How does training effect Adipocytokines?

What effects do drug treatments such as Orlistat and Sibutramine have on Metabolic Regulators such as Leptin, Resistin and Adiponectin

Define Hunger:

Define Satiation:

Define Satiety:

What system controls Hunger and how does it work?

What hormones act to increase appetite?

What hormones act to decrease Appetite?

What is Ghrelin and how does it work?

How does Ghrelin affect the body?

Is Postprandial Lipaemia a Transient or Continual state? and what determines this?

What happens to Intramuscular TAG following exercise?

What happens to Blood Flow when we exercise in the Postprandial Lipaemic State? and what effect does this have?

What effect does regular exercise have with regard to Lipoproteins and TAG clearance?

What effect does Insulin have with regard to Lipoproteins and TAG clearance?

What is LCAT and what effect does it have on cholesterol?

What is CETP and what effect does it have on cholesterol?

What effect does increased levels of TAG rich VLDL's have on the other Lipoproteins and thus the body in general?

What is Postprandial Lipaemia?

What is the study protocol in inducing and thus studying the effects of Postprandial Lipaemia?

How does exercise effect the Lipaemic Response (Postprandial Lipaemia)?

Does Fat distribution on the body have an effect on health?

What effect does exercise have on Cholesterol, LDL, TAG and HDL levels?

What happens to circulating TAG levels after eating?

How can asses Body Composition?

What is the BMI equation?

Explain the relationship between Obesity and chance of mortality and explain study findings in relation to this?

Been found in recent studies that calorie intake is decreasing, so what is causing the increase in obesity levels?

What are the associated health risks of being Overweight or Obese?

What effect on Medical Prescriptions has the increase in commonality of Circulatory Diseases caused?

What is the most common source of death?

Give some examples of changeable and unchangeable causes of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD).

What is the relationship between Obesity, Physical Activity and chance of CVD?

What is Atherosclerosis?

State and explain the 3 stages of Atherosclerosis:

What role does Nitric Oxide play in Atherosclerosis?

Roughly how much Cholesterol do we have in the body?

What are the 3 types of Lipoproteins and give a brief explanation:

What happens to LDL's and HDL's in relation to Atherosclerosis?

What effect does exercise have on LDL's and HDL's?