Clear ice

Frost ice

Rime ice

The temperature differential between the cold and warm layers must be at least 10 degrees C

A calm or light wind near the surface and a relatively strong wind just above the inversion

A wind direction difference of at least 30 degrees between the wind near the surface and the wind just above the inversion

Rotor cloud

Standing lenticular

Low stratus

The jet stream is located north of the surface systems

The jet stream is located south of the low and warm front

The jet stream is located over the low and crosses both the warm front and the cold front

Cold front and warm front

Warm front

Occluded front

Cumulonimbus cloud line where the jet stream crosses the cold front

Cirrus clouds on the equatorial side of the jet stream

Cirrostratus cloud band on the polar side and under the jet stream

Increase airspeed to get out of the area quickly

Change course to fly on the polar side of the jet stream

Change altitude or course to avoid a possible elongated area

Descent if ambien temperature is falling

Descent if ambien temperature is rising

Maintain altitude if ambient temperature is not changing

1,000 miles or more downstream of the mountain

5,000 feet above the tropopause

100 miles or more upwind of the mountain

Convective turbulence

High altitude turbulence

Clear air turbulence

In an upper trough on the polar side of a jet stream

Near a ridge aloft on the equatorial side of a high pressure flow

Downstream of the equatorial side of a jet stream

In the vicinity of breaks in the tropopause on the polar side of the jet core

Below the jet core where a long straight stretch of the jet stream is located

On the equatorial side of the jet stream where moisture has formed cirriform clouds

A straight jet stream associated with a high pressure ridge

A jet stream associated with a wide isotherm spacing

A curving jet stream associated with a deep low pressure trough

In areas of strong low pressure systems in the stratosphere

At the tropopause where intensified temperature gradients are located

In a single continuous band, encircling the Earth, where there is a break

Low-level Pro Chart

Radar Summary and Weather Depiction Charts

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

A 5 to 10 status miles radios from the airport

A 5 mile radios of the center of a runway complex

10 miles of the station originating the forecast

Altocumulus

Cumulonimbus

Stratocumulus

Thunderstorms are expected in the vicinity

Thunderstorms may occur over the station and within 50 miles of the station

Thunderstorms are expected between 5 and 25 miles of the runway complex

Occasional light chop

Moderate chop

Intermittent light turbulence

Wind steady at 100 degrees magnetic at 12 knots, gusts to 21

Precipitation started at 57 after the hour

5,000 feet overcast with towering cumulus

Rain of unknown intensity ended 16 minutes before the hour

The ceiling was 25,000 feet MSL

Wind was 020 degrees magnetic at 20 knots

The rain became lighter

Atmospheric pressure increased

A funnel cloud was observed

The ceiling lowered and cumulonimbus clouds developed

Thundershowers began at 12 minutes past the hour

Visibility reduced to IFR conditions

Thunderstorms or other precipitation

Precipitation or low visibility

Thunderstorms or high wind

Increased stall speed

Increased pitch up tendencies

Increased angle of attack for stalls

Raise the eutectic point

Decrease the freeze point

Increase the minimum freezing point (onset of crystallization)

Heated Type 1 fluid followed by cold Type 2 fluid

Cold Type 2 fluid followed by hot Type 2 fluid

Heated Type 1 or 2 fluid followed by cold Type 1 fluid

Provide ice protection during flight

Are intended to provide ice protection on the ground only

On the ground, cause no performance degradation during takeoff

Reduce lift by as much as 40 percent and increase drag by 30 percent

Increase drag and reduce lift by as much as 40 percent

Reduce lift by as much as 30 percent and increase drag by 40 percent

Need not be considered as adhering to the aircraft

Must be considered as adhering to the aircraft

Must be considered as adhering to the aircraft, but a safe takeoff can be made as it will blow off

Increased thrust

A decreased stall speed

An increased stall speed

Could cause FPD vapors to enter the aircraft but would have no effect on engine thrust or power

It can increase performance and cause stalls or surges

It can reduce engine performance and cause surging and / or compressor stalls

VRB00KT

00000KT

00003KT

00003KT

VRB00KT

00000KT

Less than 1/4 statute mile

Measured 1/4 statute mile

A mean (average) of 1/4 statute mile

An observer reported the vertical visibility as 100 feet

A 100 foot indefinite ceiling

The variability value is 100 feet

7200

7500

7777

Light and variable

Wind shear

Frontal passage

Anytime the pilot is doubtful of a condition that could adversely affect flight safety

When fuel endurance or weather will require an en route or landing priority

When distress conditions such as fire, mechanical failure, or structural damage occurs

Rapid, shallow breathing

Pain and cramping of the hands and feet

Dizziness

A stressful situation causing anxiety

The excessive consumption of alcohol

An extremely slow rate of breathing and insufficient oxygen

Excessive carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

An increase in nitrogen content of the air at high altitudes

A decrease of oxygen partial pressure

Tingling of the hands, legs, and feet

Increased vision keenness

Decreased breathing rate

The percentage of nitrogen in the air is increased

The percentage of nitrogen in the air is decreased

Oxygen partial pressure is decreased

Insufficient oxygen reaching the brain

Excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

Limited oxygen reaching the heart muscle

Altitude may be higher than it appears

Altitude may be lower than it appears

May result in leveling off too high and landing hard

Inversion illusion

Autokinesis

Somatogravic illusion

Somatogravic illusion

Ground lighting illusion

Autokinesis

High

Low

Shallow

Alcohol has anadverse effect, especially as altitude increases

Small amounts of alcohol in the human system increase judgment and decision-making abbilities

Alcohol has little effect if followed by equal quantities of black coffee

Ignoring or overcoming the sensation of muscle and inner ear

Eyes are moved often in the process of cross-checking the flight instruments

Body sensations are used to interpret flight attitudes

Reduce head and eye movement to the greatest possible extent

Rely on the kinesthetic sense

Rely entirely on the indications of the flight instruments

Look only at far away, dim lights

Scan slowly to permit offcenter viewing

Concentrate directly on each object for a few seconds

Autokinesis

Coriolis illusion

The leans

Heavy, slow, gear and flaps up

Heavy, slow, gear and flaps down

Heavy, fast, gear and flaps down

Developing lift

Operating at high airspeeds

Using high power settings

Sink below the aircraft generating the turbulence

Rise from the surface to traffic pattern altitude

Accumulate and remain for a period of time at the point where the takeoff roll began

Inward, upward, and around the wingtip

Counterclockwise when viewed from behind the aircraft

Outward, upward, and around the wingtip

The upwind vortex will tend to remain on the runway longer than the downwind vortex

A crosswind will rapidly dissipate the strength of both vortices

The downwind vortex will tend to remain on the runway longer than the upwind vortex

Liff off at a point well past the jet airplanes flightpath

Climb above and stay upwind of the jet airplanes flightpath

Remain below the flight path of the jet airplane

Direct tailwind

Light quatering tailwind

Light quartering headwind

Prior to the point where the jet touched down

Beyond the point where the jet touched down

At the point where the jet touched down and on the upwind edge of the runway

8 hours

12 hours

24 hours

Fly directly to the next point shown on the IFR flight plan and continue the flight

Squawk 7700 and climb to VFR on Top

Fly directly to a fix, route, or airway specified in the vector clearance

At the EFC time, if this is within plus or minus 3 minutes of the flight plan ETA as amended by ATC

At flight plan ETA as amended by ATC

At the EFC time as amended by ATC

This will ensure your priority handling by ATC

ATC will consider this action as if you had declared an emergency

If you remaining usable fuel supply suggests the need for traffic priority to ensure a safe landing, declare an emergency due to low fuel and report fuel remaining in minutes

Close to the runway that it actually is

Farther from the runway that it actually is

The same distance from the runway as when there is no restriction to visibility

Pitching up

Pitching down

Leveling off

Does not cause illusion

Lower than actual

Higher than actual

Below the established glide path and slightly to either side of the on-course centerline

On the establised glidepath and on the approach course centerline or runway centerline extended

Above the established glidepath and slightly downwind of the on-course centerline